Hauv kev tshawb fawb txog kev noj qab haus huv, txoj kev xav ntawm kev sib raug zoo stratification tsis muaj ib daim ntawv tseem ceeb. Nws yog raws li ntau lub tswv yim hais txog kev tsis sib xws ntawm kev sib raug zoo, kev xav ntawm cov chav kawm, kev sib raug zoo pawg neeg thiab cov neeg tseem ceeb, ob qho tib si ntxiv thiab tsis sib haum nrog ib leeg. Cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb uas txiav txim siab txog keeb kwm ntawm stratification yog cov khoom sib raug zoo, cov cai thiab cov luag num, cov txheej txheem ntawm subordination, thiab lwm yam.
Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm stratification theories
Stratification yog "kev sib koom ua ke ntawm pawg neeg" (Radaev V. V., Shkaratan O. I., "Social stratification"). Cov txheej txheem rau kev sib txawv ntawm kev sib raug zoo nrog keeb kwm hom stratification suav nrog:
- lub cev-genetic;
- qhev;
- cast;
- estate;
- this;
- socio-professional;
- class;
- kab lis kev cai-symbol;
- kab lis kev cai-normative.
Tib lub sijhawm, txhua yam keeb kwm ntawm kev sib cais yuav raug txiav txim siab los ntawm lawv tus kheej cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib txawv thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev qhia qhov txawv. Kev ua qhev, piv txwv li, ua ib hom keeb kwm, yuav qhia txog cov cai ntawm kev ua pej xeem thiab cov cuab yeej cuab tam raws li qhov tseem ceeb, thiab kev ua qhev thiab kev quab yuam tub rog raws li ib txoj hauv kev txiav txim siab.
Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv dav dav tshaj plaws, keeb kwm hom stratification tuaj yeem sawv cev raws li hauv qab no: rooj 1.
| Type | Definition | Nkauj |
| Kev ua qhev | Ib daim ntawv ntawm kev tsis sib xws uas qee tus neeg muaj tag nrho los ntawm lwm tus. | qhev, qhev tswv |
| Castes | Cov pab pawg neeg uas ua raws li cov cai nruj ntawm pab pawg neeg coj cwj pwm thiab tsis pub cov tswv cuab ntawm lwm pab pawg rau hauv lawv qib. | Brahmins, Warriors, Peasants, thiab lwm yam |
| Txoj Cai | pab pawg neeg coob uas muaj txoj cai thiab kev lav phib xaub, tau txais qub txeeg qub teg. | txiv plig, nebles, peasants, tatspeople, istisans, thiab lwm yam |
| Chav Kawm | Cov zej zog sib txawv los ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm tus cwj pwm ntawm cov khoom thiab kev faib ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm. |
Nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg tiaskeeb kwm ntawm stratification - kev ua cev qhev, castes, vaj tse thiab cov chav kawm - tsis yog ib txwm muaj ciam teb meej ntawm lawv tus kheej. Yog li, piv txwv li, lub tswv yim ntawm caste yog siv feem ntau rau Indian stratification system. Peb yuav tsis pom cov qeb ntawm Brahmins hauv lwm qhov kev sib raug zoo. Brahmins (lawv kuj yog cov pov thawj) tau txais txiaj ntsig tshwj xeeb thiab cov cai tshwj xeeb uas tsis muaj lwm pawg ntawm pej xeem muaj. Nws ntseeg tias tus pov thawj hais lus sawv cev ntawm Vajtswv. Raws li Indian kev lig kev cai, Brahmins tau tsim los ntawm lub qhov ncauj ntawm Vajtswv Brahma. Warriors tau tsim los ntawm nws txhais tes, lub ntsiab ntawm uas yog suav hais tias yog huab tais. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ib tug neeg tau koom nrog ib tsev neeg tshwj xeeb txij thaum yug los thiab hloov tsis tau.
Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov neeg ua liaj ua teb tuaj yeem ua ob qho tib si sib cais thiab ua vaj tse. Tib lub sijhawm, lawv kuj tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob pawg - yooj yim thiab nplua nuj (kev vam meej).
Lub tswv yim ntawm qhov chaw sib raug zoo
Tus paub zoo ntawm Lavxias teb sab sociologist Pitirim Sorokin (1989-1968), tshawb txog cov keeb kwm ntawm kev stratification (kev ua qhev, castes, chav kawm), singles tawm "social space" raws li lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb. Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lub cev, nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo qhov chaw, cov kev kawm nyob ib sab ntawm ib leeg tuaj yeem nyob ib txhij nyob rau ntau theem sib txawv. Thiab vice versa: yog tias qee pawg ntawm cov kev kawm muaj nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm stratification, ces nws tsis yog qhov tsim nyog uas lawv nyob ib sab ntawm ib sab (Sorokin P., "Txiv neej. Civilization. Society").
Socialqhov chaw nyob rau hauv Sorokin lub tswv yim muaj ntau tus cwj pwm, nrog rau kev coj noj coj ua, kev ntseeg, kev tshaj lij thiab lwm yam vectors. Qhov chaw no yog tag nrho cov dav dav, ntau txoj hauv kev hauv zej zog thiab txheeb xyuas keeb kwm ntawm kev sib cais (kev ua qhev, castes, thiab lwm yam) yog. Sorokin tseem txiav txim siab txog theem ntsug thiab kab rov tav ntawm kev faib cov chaw sib raug zoo. Cov theem kab rov tav suav nrog cov koom haum nom tswv, cov haujlwm tshaj lij, cov koom haum kev ntseeg, thiab lwm yam. Cov theem ntsug suav nrog kev sib txawv ntawm cov tib neeg raws li lawv txoj haujlwm hierarchical hauv pab pawg (tus thawj coj, tus thawj coj, subordinates, parishioners, xaiv tsa, thiab lwm yam).
Raws li cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev sib raug zoo stratification Sorokin txheeb xyuas xws li kev nom kev tswv, kev lag luam, kev tshaj lij. Nyob rau hauv txhua tus ntawm lawv muaj nws tus kheej stratification system. Nyob rau hauv lem, tus Fabkis sociologist Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) tau txiav txim siab lub system ntawm kev faib cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv ib tug kws tshaj lij pab pawg neeg los ntawm lub point ntawm view ntawm tej yam tshwj xeeb ntawm lawv ua hauj lwm. Raws li lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb ntawm kev faib tawm no yog kev tsim ntawm ob lossis ntau tus neeg ntawm kev nkag siab ntawm kev sib koom siab. Tib lub sijhawm, nws hais txog nws tus cwj pwm coj ncaj ncees (E. Durkheim, "Kev Ua Haujlwm ntawm Kev Ua Haujlwm ntawm Kev Ua Haujlwm").
keeb kwm hom kev sib raug zoo thiab kev lag luam
Thiab, Asmeskas tus kws tshawb fawb nyiaj txiag Frank Knight (1885-1972), uas txiav txim siab txog kev sib raug zoo hauv kev lag luam, yog ib qho ntawm covLub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov koom haum kev lag luam yog kev saib xyuas / txhim kho cov qauv kev sib raug zoo, kev txhawb nqa ntawm kev vam meej (Knight F., "Economic organization").
Tus kws tshawb fawb Asmeskas-Canadian ntawm Hungarian keeb kwm Karl Polanyi (1886-1964) sau txog qhov tshwj xeeb kev sib txuas ntawm kev lag luam thiab kev sib raug zoo rau cov ntsiab lus: lav lawv cov kev sib raug zoo, lawv cov cai thiab cov txiaj ntsig. Nws saib xyuas cov khoom siv tsuas yog nyob rau hauv qhov lawv ua haujlwm rau lub hom phiaj no" (Polanyi K., "Societies and Economic Systems").
Class theory in sociological science
Txawm hais tias muaj qee yam zoo sib xws ntawm cov yam ntxwv, nws yog kev cai hauv kev coj noj coj ua kom sib txawv ntawm keeb kwm ntawm stratification. Cov chav kawm, piv txwv li, yuav tsum tau muab cais tawm ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm kev sib raug zoo strata. Kev sib raug zoo stratum yog to taub raws li kev sib txawv ntawm kev sib txawv nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm ib tug hierarchically txheej txheem (Radaev V. V., Shkaratan O. I., "Social stratification"). Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub social class yog ib pawg ntawm nom tswv thiab tsis raws cai pej xeem.
Qhov piv txwv nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm chav kawm txoj kev xav feem ntau yog los ntawm lub tswvyim ntawm Karl Marx, uas yog raws li cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm kev tsim kev lag luam. Qhov kev hloov ntawm formations coj mus rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov chav kawm tshiab, ib tug tshiab system ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm tsim muaj zog thiab ntau lawm kev sib raug zoo. nyob rau sab hnub poobSociological tsev kawm ntawv, muaj ntau lub tswv yim uas txhais cov chav kawm raws li ib tug multidimensional qeb, uas, nyob rau hauv lem, ua rau muaj kev phom sij ntawm qhov muag plooj kab ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm "chav kawm" thiab "stratum" (Zhvitiashvili A. S., "Kev txhais lus ntawm lub tswvyim. ntawm "chav kawm" nyob rau hauv niaj hnub Western sociology).
Los ntawm qhov pom ntawm lwm yam kev coj noj coj ua, keeb kwm ntawm kev sib cais kuj txhais tau tias muaj kev faib rau sab sauv (elitist), cov chav nruab nrab thiab qis. Kuj tseem muaj peev xwm hloov pauv ntawm qhov kev faib tawm no.
Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv chav kawm
Nyob rau hauv sociology, lub tswv yim ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb yog perceived theej ambiguously. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv txoj kev xav stratification ntawm Randall Collins (1941), ib pab pawg neeg sawv cev ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb, tswj ntau tus neeg, thaum coj mus rau hauv tus account ob peb tus neeg (Collins R. "Stratification los ntawm prism ntawm txoj kev xav ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb. "). Vilfredo Pareto (1848-1923), nyob rau hauv lem, faib haiv neeg mus rau hauv ib tug neeg tseem ceeb (lub siab tshaj plaws stratum) thiab ib tug tsis yog cov neeg tseem ceeb. Cov pawg neeg tseem ceeb kuj muaj 2 pawg: cov thawj coj thiab tsis yog cov neeg tseem ceeb.
Collins hais txog cov chav kawm siab ua thawj coj ntawm tsoomfwv, cov thawj coj tub rog, cov neeg ua lag luam muaj txiaj ntsig, thiab lwm yam.
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm cov pawg no tau txiav txim siab, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho, los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm chav kawm no hauv lub hwj chim: "Kev npaj rau kev xa mus ua lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub neej, thiab kev tsis mloog lus raug suav hais tias nyob hauv ib puag ncig no yog ib yam dab tsi uas tsis xav tau" (Collins R., "Stratification los ntawm prism ntawm txoj kev xav tsis sib haum"). Nws yog nyob rau hauv chav kawm no uas txiav txim siab qib ntawm lub hwj chim,muaj los ntawm tus kheej raws li nws tus neeg sawv cev. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lub hwj chim tuaj yeem ua tsis tau tsuas yog kev nom kev tswv, tab sis kuj yog nyiaj txiag, kev ntseeg thiab kev xav. Thaum kawg, daim ntawv cov ntaub ntawv tuaj yeem txuas tau.
Tshwj xeeb nruab nrab
Nws yog kev cai suav nrog lub npe hu ua lub voj voog ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam hauv pawg no. Qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov chav kawm nruab nrab yog xws li tias nws cov neeg sawv cev ib txhij tuav txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm qee yam kev kawm thiab ib txoj hauj lwm subordinate hauv kev sib raug zoo rau lwm tus. Cov chav kawm nruab nrab kuj muaj nws tus kheej stratification: cov chav nruab nrab sab saud (cov neeg ua yeeb yam uas tsuas yog nrog lwm tus neeg ua yeeb yam, nrog rau cov loj, cov neeg ua lag luam ywj pheej thiab cov kws tshaj lij uas nyob ntawm kev sib raug zoo nrog cov neeg siv khoom, cov koom tes, cov neeg muag khoom, thiab lwm yam) thiab Cov chav kawm qis nruab nrab (cov thawj coj, cov thawj coj - cov uas nyob rau ntawm tus ciam teb qis tshaj plaws hauv kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub hwj chim).
A. N. Sevastyanov characterizes nruab nrab cov chav kawm ntawv raws li anti-revolutionary. Raws li tus kws tshawb fawb, qhov tseeb no tau piav qhia los ntawm qhov tseeb tias cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov chav nruab nrab muaj ib yam dab tsi los poob - qhov sib txawv ntawm cov chav kawm hloov pauv. Yam dab tsi cov neeg nruab nrab nrhiav kom tau tuaj yeem tau yam tsis muaj kev hloov pauv. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm pawg no yog indifferent rau cov teeb meem ntawm restructuring haiv neeg.
chav ua haujlwm qeb
Keeb kwm ntawm kev sib raug zoo stratification ntawm haiv neeg los ntawm txoj haujlwm ntawm cov chav kawm rau hauv ib pawg cais faib cov chav kawm ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm (cov chav kawm qis tshaj hauv cov neeg zej zog hierarchy). Nws cov neeg sawv cev tsis suav nrog hauv lub koom haum kev sib txuas lus. Lawv tsom rautam sim no tam sim no, thiab txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lawv ib tug tej yam aggressiveness nyob rau hauv kev nkag siab thiab kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm lub social system.
Cov chav kawm qis yog tus cwj pwm ntawm tus kheej rau lawv tus kheej thiab lawv tus kheej nyiam, tsis muaj kev sib raug zoo thiab kev sib cuag. Cov pawg no yog tsim los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm ib ntus, cov neeg poob haujlwm mus tas li, cov neeg thov khawv, thiab lwm yam.
Kev ua hauv tsev hauv txoj kev xav ntawm stratification
Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab kev tshawb fawb txog kev noj qab haus huv kuj tseem muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov keeb kwm ntawm kev stratification. Cov vaj tse thiab lawv cov kev sib txawv hauv zej zog yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev xav txog kev xav hauv lub ntiaj teb ua ntej kev tawm tsam Russia, uas tom qab ntawd ua rau muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv lub xeev Soviet mus txog rau 60s ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum.
Nrog rau qhov pib ntawm Khrushchev thaw, qhov teeb meem ntawm kev sib raug zoo stratification poob rau hauv kev tswj hwm kev xav los ntawm lub xeev. Lub hauv paus ntawm cov qauv kev sib raug zoo ntawm zej zog yog cov chav kawm ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov neeg ua liaj ua teb, thiab ib pawg sib cais yog cov stratum ntawm cov neeg txawj ntse. Lub tswv yim ntawm "kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov chav kawm" thiab kev tsim ntawm "kev sib raug zoo homogeneity" yog lossi txhawb nyob rau hauv pej xeem lub siab. Lub sijhawm ntawd, cov ncauj lus ntawm bureaucracy thiab nomenklatura raug kaw hauv lub xeev. Thaum pib ntawm kev tshawb fawb nquag, cov khoom uas yog keeb kwm ntawm stratification, yog nteg nyob rau hauv lub perestroika lub sij hawm nrog kev loj hlob ntawm glasnost. Kev taw qhia txog kev hloov pauv kev lag luam rau hauv kev lag luam hauv lub xeev tau qhia txog teeb meem loj hauv kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov neeg Lavxias.
yam ntxwv ntawm cov neeg tsis muaj qab hau
Tsis tas li, pawg ntawm marginality nyob hauv ib qho chaw sib cais hauv kev xav txog kev coj noj coj ua. Nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm sociological science, lub tswv yim no feem ntau yog to taub raws li "ib qho chaw nruab nrab ntawm cov txheej txheem kev sib raug zoo, los yog qhov qis tshaj nyob rau hauv lub social hierarchy" (Galsanamzhilova O. N., "Ntawm qhov teeb meem ntawm structural marginality nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab pej xeem").
Nyob rau hauv lub tswvyim no, nws yog kev cai kom paub qhov txawv ob hom: marginality-periphery, marginality-transitivity. Lub tom kawg characterizes qhov nruab nrab txoj hauj lwm ntawm cov kev kawm nyob rau hauv kev hloov ntawm ib tug social xwm txheej txoj hauj lwm mus rau lwm tus. Hom no tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov neeg kawm kev sib raug zoo, nrog rau kev hloov pauv ntawm kev sib raug zoo hauv zej zog nrog cov kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb hauv kev ua neej, hom kev ua, thiab lwm yam kev sib raug zoo tsis raug rhuav tshem. Ib tug yam ntxwv feature ntawm hom no yog ib tug tej yam incompleteness ntawm txoj kev hloov pauv (qee zaum nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau cov neeg kawm kom hloov mus rau tej yam kev mob ntawm lub tshiab kev sib raug zoo system ntawm lub zej zog - ib yam ntawm "kua" tshwm sim).
Cov cim qhia ntawm peripheral marginality yog: qhov tsis muaj lub hom phiaj ntawm cov kev kawm rau qee lub zej zog, kev puas tsuaj ntawm nws txoj kev sib raug zoo yav dhau los. Nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev xav txog kev xav, cov pej xeem no tuaj yeem dais cov npe xws li "cov neeg sab nrauv", "outcasts", "outcasts" (raws li qee tus kws sau ntawv, "cov ntsiab lus declassed"), thiab lwm yam. Nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm niaj hnub no.stratification theories, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg rau txoj kev kawm ntawm cov xwm txheej inconsistency - inconsistency, mismatch ntawm tej yam kev sib raug zoo thiab xwm txheej yam ntxwv (qib nyiaj tau los, kev ua hauj lwm, kev kawm, thiab lwm yam). Tag nrho cov no ua rau muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv stratification system.
Txoj kev xav Stratification thiab kev sib koom ua ke
Txoj kev xav niaj hnub no ntawm cov txheej txheem stratification ntawm tib neeg yog nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm kev hloov pauv, tshwm sim los ntawm ob qho tib si los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov kev sib raug zoo uas twb muaj lawm thiab tsim cov chav kawm tshiab (tsuas yog vim kev hloov pauv nyiaj txiag hauv zej zog).
Nyob rau hauv kev xav txog kev noj qab haus huv, uas suav txog keeb kwm ntawm kev sib cais ntawm tib neeg, lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tsis yog qhov txo qis rau ib pawg neeg tseem ceeb (raws li qhov xwm txheej nrog cov kev xav hauv chav kawm nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm Marxist qhia), tab sis ib qho dav. tsom xam ntawm tag nrho cov qauv ua tau. Ib qho chaw sib cais yuav tsum tau muab rau ib qho kev sib koom ua ke uas txiav txim siab ib leeg ntawm kev sib raug zoo stratification los ntawm qhov pom ntawm lawv txoj kev sib raug zoo. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov lus nug tshwm sim ntawm lub hierarchy ntawm cov pawg no thiab qhov xwm ntawm lawv lub hwj chim rau ib leeg raws li cov ntsiab lus ntawm ib tug kev sib raug zoo system. Qhov kev daws teeb meem ntawm cov lus nug no txhais tau hais tias kev kawm txog ntau yam kev xav stratification nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm kev sib piv kev soj ntsuam uas sib piv cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm txhua qhov kev xav.
