Nyob rau sab qaum teb-sab hnub poob ntawm Russia, thaj chaw loj heev nthuav dav, uas tau hais nyob rau hauv keeb kwm txij li xyoo pua 11th ua tus Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Pskov. Txij li thaum lub sij hawm ancient, thaum nws yug los thiab loj hlob muaj zog, lub neej ntws nyob rau hauv restlessly, nws yog ib txwm coj mus rau lub kaw cov chaw nyob nrog cov phab ntsa muaj zog. Yog li ntawd lawv pib hu lawv lub nroog, thiab qhov twg cov phab ntsa yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj zog, fortresses. Tsuas yog ib qho kev nco txog ntawm lawv ib txhia, tab sis cov fortresses ntawm thaj av Pskov, uas tau destined kom ciaj sia mus rau niaj hnub no, tseem sawv raws li majestic monuments ntawm lawv era.
Yug lub nroog phab ntsa
Lub fortification loj tshaj plaws thiab nto moo tshaj plaws hauv cheeb tsam no yog Pskov fortress, ib daim duab uas tuaj yeem pom hauv kab lus. Hnub tim uas nws tso rau hauv ib qho chaw tseem ceeb ntawm qhov kev sib tshuam ntawm cov dej ntws ntawm Velikaya thiab Pskov tsis paub. Kuj erased los ntawm cov nplooj ntawv ntawm keeb kwm thiab xyoo ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm lub nroog nws tus kheej. Tab sis thawj qhov kev hais tawm ntawm nws hnub rov qab mus rau 903. Nyob rau hauv Zaj Dab Neeg ntawm Bygone Xyoo, tus neeg sau keeb kwm Nestor, tham txog kev sib yuav ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Igor, tshaj tawm tias nws tus poj niam raug coj los rau nws "los ntawm Pskov."
Lub sijhawm dhau mus, Pskov fortress loj hlob, thiab nyob rau hauv Ivan lub txaus ntshai (XVI caug xyoo) nws tau raug suav hais tias yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau.loj thiab muaj zog nyob rau hauv Russia, uas kuj tau tsim raws li tag nrho cov kev cai ntawm fortification. Los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, Pskov nws tus kheej kuj tau nthuav dav ciam teb, dhau los ua lub nroog thib peb ntawm Russia, tsuas yog Moscow thiab Novgorod ua ntej. Los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov xyoo ntawd nws paub tias nyob rau hauv nws cheeb tsam ces muaj plaub caug lub tsev teev ntuj thiab tib lub parish pawg ntseeg.
Impenetrable Citadel
Thaum pib, Pskov fortress tau nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm cov ntoo thiab av phab ntsa ua ncaj qha rau ntawm cov ramparts. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th, nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog rau thaum pib ntawm lub Tatar-Mongol ntxeem tau, lawv tau hloov nrog cov pob zeb, thiab thaum lub luag hauj lwm ntawm artillery nce ob centuries tom qab, lawv tau ntxiv dag zog los ntawm plaub kaum yees.
Thaj chaw ntawm lub fortress yog ntau tshaj li ob square kilometers thiab yog surrounded los ntawm tsib txoj hlua ntawm phab ntsa, uas muaj cuaj kilometers ntev thiab hla los ntawm kaum plaub lub rooj vag. Lub impregnability ntawm lub fortress kuj tau ua pov thawj los ntawm phab ntsa yees, thiab qhov tseem ceeb tau lees paub los ntawm ntau qhov chaw hauv av.
Miracle Solution
Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias Pskov fortress tau tsim los ntawm kev siv thev naus laus zis rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Nws cov phab ntsa thiab cov yees tau ua los ntawm limestone blocks, fastened nrog ib tug tshwj xeeb muaj zog txiv qaub mortar, uas yog tsis pub leejtwg paub. Niaj hnub no nws paub tias txiv qaub tau slaked rau ntau xyoo nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb pits kom tau nws, thiab ces tov nrog xuab zeb nyob rau hauv nruj nreem proportions.
Qhov tshwm sim yog kev sib khi uas tsis poob nws qhov zoo txawm tias tom qab tsib caug xyoo. Ntxiv dag zog rau lub tsev tau muab los ntawm sab nraudplaster, zoo ib yam li cov txheej txheem rau niaj hnub plaster, tab sis ua los ntawm cov khoom siv ruaj khov dua.
pob zeb siv ntawm lub fortress
Lub hauv paus ntawm Pskov fortress - Vaj Ntsuj Plig Dawb Huv Cathedral thiab lub veche square nyob ib sab ntawm nws - tau ncig los ntawm thawj phab ntsa tiv thaiv, hu ua Detinets, los yog Krom (Kremlin). Qhov no yog qhov qub tshaj plaws ntawm lub fortress. Nws tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XI.
Lub fortress phab ntsa thib ob, lub npe hu ua Dovmontova tom qab muaj kev cuam tshuam Pskov huab tais Dovmont, ncig thaj chaw uas tam sim no yog ib feem ntawm Kremlin. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 13th, ntau lub tsev tswj hwm tau nyob rau ntawm nws, feem ntau yog ua los ntawm pob zeb, ua tsaug rau lawv lub hauv paus tau tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm archaeological excavations.
phab ntsa ntawm posadnik Boris
Raws li nws feem ntau tshwm sim hauv keeb kwm ntawm cov nroog, kev sib haum xeeb sai sai nyob ib puag ncig cov phab ntsa fortress thiab nyob rau hauv lawv cov kev tiv thaiv, nyob rau hauv uas cov khoom siv tes ua thiab kev lag luam tau teeb tsa. Lawv raug hu ua chaw nyob, thiab thaum lawv loj tuaj, lawv kuj tau txais kev tiv thaiv los ntawm cov kab ntawm kev tiv thaiv.
Nws yog rau lub hom phiaj no uas peb lub fortress phab ntsa tau tsim, uas tau txais lub npe ntawm ib qho ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm kev tsim kho, posadnik Boris. Nws yog ib tug heev txhim khu kev qha qauv, surrounded los ntawm ib tug tob moat los ntawm sab nraud. Thaj chaw uas nyob hauv qab nws kev tiv thaiv pib hu ua "zastene", thiab dhau sij hawm, lo lus "laus" tau ntxiv rau lub npe no.
phab ntsa uas ua tiav kev tsim kho ntawm lub fortress
Tawmphab ntsa no kom txog rau thaum nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th, tom qab uas ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm nws tau raug rhuav tshem, txij li thaum lub sij hawm kev sib haum xeeb tau loj hlob tuaj, thiab rau nws txoj kev nyab xeeb nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los tsim lwm txoj kab ntawm fortifications. Lub tsev tshiab no - Phab ntsa ntawm Lub Nroog Nruab Nrab (thib plaub hauv ib kab), tau tsim los ua ke rau nws cov thawj coj - Phab ntsa ntawm Posadnik Boris, thiab tag nrho thaj chaw ncig los ntawm nws tau hu ua "New Zastenye". Pskov fortress kuj muaj kev ntseeg siab tiv thaiv los ntawm sab ntawm tus dej Pskov. Ntawm no nws tau them los ntawm phab ntsa, qhov pib ntawm kev tsim kho uas hnub rov qab mus rau 1404.
Thiab, thaum kawg, qhov kawg - lub nplhaib thib tsib ntawm bastions - tau tsim nyob rau hauv xws li ib txoj kev uas tsis tsuas yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm lub nroog nyob rau hauv nws, tab sis, dab tsi tseem ceeb heev, ib feem ntawm tus dej Pskov.. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, lub fortress Pskov, uas los ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd muaj keeb kwm ntawm yuav luag tsib centuries, tau xyaum ua tsis tau rau cov yeeb ncuab. Nws cov neeg tiv thaiv tsis raug hem los ntawm kev tshaib plab lossis nqhis dej, raws li tus dej muab ntses thiab dej rau lawv.
Txoj kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm lub citadel
Theem kawg ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm lub fortress tau tshwm sim thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, thaum, los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Peter I, nws tau nrawm nrawm rau kev ua tsov rog Northern. Lub sijhawm xyoo no, ntau qhov kev xav tsis thoob thiab ntau lub fortifications sab nraud tau txhim tsa.
Hmoov tsis zoo, lawv txoj kev tsim kho feem ntau ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov tuam tsev yav dhau los, vim cov tuam tsev thiab cov tuam tsev raug rhuav tshem nrog cov khoom siv hauv tsev tsis txaus. Tom qab kos npe rau ntawm Treaty ntawm Nystadt nyob rau hauv 1721, uas xaus rau kev tsov rog nrog Sweden, lub Pskov citadel poob nws.tub rog tus nqi thiab poob rau hauv kev puas tsuaj thaum lub sijhawm.
Fortress hloov mus ua ib lub tsev cia puav pheej
Nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm ntawm tsib caug thiab rau caum ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, raws li qhov project ntawm Leningrad Hermitage, archaeological excavations thiab restoration ua hauj lwm tau ua nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub Pskov fortress. Niaj hnub no Pskov thiab nws lub fortress yog ib qho ntawm feem nrov neeg mus ncig tebchaws destinations.
Qhov siab, tiag tiag European theem ntawm kev pabcuam rau cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws uasi tau ua pov thawj zoo los ntawm cov ntawv nkag sab laug hauv phau ntawv qhua ntawm lub tsev cia puav pheej, nrog rau nws cov vev xaib Is Taws Nem. Feem ntau ntawm lawv nco txog cov kev tshaj lij tshaj lij thiab kev paub dav dav ntawm cov neeg qhia uas tau ua qhov kev mus ncig ua si. Ua tsaug rau lawv, cov neeg tuaj saib tuaj yeem ua tim khawv txog keeb kwm ntawm peb Niam Txiv, ib qho ntawm cov chaw tseem ceeb uas yog ib zaug Pskov.
Kev tshuaj xyuas kuj tseem muaj cov lus ua tsaug rau kev saib xyuas uas tau qhia rau cov pab pawg uas lawv mus ntsib cov chaw keeb kwm ntawm Pskov thiab nws thaj av tsis txwv rau ib hnub. Lawv tau muab cov tsev so uas ua tau raws li qhov xav tau siab tshaj plaws, thiab kev thauj mus los tau ua rau cov tsheb npav niaj hnub nyiam.
Izborsk fortress (Pskov cheeb tsam)
Txuas ntxiv kev sib tham txog cov kev tiv thaiv thaum ub ntawm thaj av Pskov, ib tus tsis tuaj yeem hais txog lub fortress, kev tsim kho uas cuam tshuam nrog kev tsim lub nroog Izborsk, raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, rov qab mus rau 7th- 8 xyoo pua. Thaum peb caug xyoo tom qab ntawd nws tau loj hlob mus rau hauv kev lag luam loj thiab khoom siv tes uaqhov chaw, cov phab ntsa ntoo thiab av ntawm lub fortress tau hloov nrog pob zeb sawv daws yuav.
Izborsk fortress (Pskov cheeb tsam) tau pom ntau hauv nws lub neej, ntau nplooj ntawv txaus ntshai tau poob rau nws qhov kev qhia. Nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th, German knights ntes nws ob zaug, thiab tsuas yog lub yeej ntawm Alexander Nevsky, yeej los ntawm nws nyob rau hauv 1242 nyob rau hauv lub pas dej Peipsi, pab kom thaum kawg ntiab lawv tawm ntawm qhov ntawd.
Ib xyoo tom qab, cov neeg tiv thaiv ntawm lub fortress heroically tawm tsam lub siege ntawm Livonian knights, thiab nyob rau hauv 1367 tau tsav cov Germans ntawm lawv cov phab ntsa, uas tau sim nkag mus rau hauv lub nroog nrog kev pab los ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua rams. Thaum Lub Sijhawm Teebmeem, lub fortress tau dhau los ua impregnable rau cov tub rog ntawm Lithuanian gentry Alexander Lisovsky, tab sis tom qab kawg ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Northern, nws, zoo li nws tus muam Pskov, poob nws cov tub rog tseem ceeb thiab maj mam poob mus rau hauv kev lwj.
Fortress ntawm lub nroog Kaporye
Lwm qhov nthuav monument ntawm medieval tiv thaiv architecture yog nyob rau hauv Kaporye (Pskov cheeb tsam). Lub fortress, nyob rau hauv lub nroog no thiab coj nws lub npe, tau tsim nyob rau hauv 1237 los ntawm cov knights ntawm lub Livonian Order, tab sis plaub xyoos tom qab nws tau rov qab los ntawm lawv los ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Prince Alexander Nevsky. Nws tau raug rhuav tshem thiab rov tsim dua ntau zaus. Qhov no tshwm sim thawj zaug nyob rau hauv 1282 los ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm Novgorodians tawm tsam Tub Vaj Ntxwv Dmitry Alexandrovich, uas tau sim nkaum ntawm lawv qab lub fortress phab ntsa.
Tom qab ntawd, nws raug Swedes raug ntes, tab sis txhua zaus nws rov qab los rau ntawm nws cov qub tswv txhais tes. Tus tswv kawg ntawm lub fortress yog ib tug noble princeAlexander Danilovich Menshikov, uas tau txais khoom plig los ntawm Peter I. Txawm li cas los, tom qab kev tuag ntawm nws crowned patron, nws poob rau hauv kev txaj muag, lub fortress raug txeeb, thiab nws dhau mus rau hauv lub txhab nyiaj.
Tsis zoo li lwm cov fortresses hauv Russia, Kaporye yeej tsis tau rov qab los, thiab kev kho dua tshiab yeej tsis tau ua nyob rau hauv nws thaj chaw. Yog li ntawd, niaj hnub no lub fortress yog nyob rau hauv ib tug tsis tshua muaj neeg tsis saib xyuas lub xeev, tab sis, ntawm qhov tod tes, raws li cov keeb kwm kos duab, qhov no tau tso cai rau ntau yam ntawm nws cov architecture kom khaws cia rau hauv lawv daim ntawv qub.
