Puas tuaj yeem tshawb pom tias lub sijhawm tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog tiag tiag yog dab tsi? Ntawm qhov tod tes, nws tau sawv cev hauv peb lub siab los ntawm kev sib tw zoo nkauj, cov neeg muaj koob muaj npe thiab cov poj niam zoo nkauj, thiab ntawm qhov tod tes, los ntawm kev kis mob plague, seev cev ntawm kev tuag thiab kev lom zem carnivals. Tab sis puas yog tiag tiag? Cov lus nug no tau teb los ntawm ib feem ntawm keeb kwm - kev tshawb fawb medieval.
Dab tsi yog kev tshawb fawb medieval
Yog tias koj txhais lub npe ntawm qhov kev qhuab qhia keeb kwm no los ntawm Latin, nws yuav paub meej tias cov kev tshawb fawb medieval yog kev tshawb fawb ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, nws txhais tau hais tias cov kws tshawb fawb medieval (raws li cov kws tshaj lij hauv daim teb no hu ua) xav txog keeb kwm ntawm Western Europe nyob rau lub sijhawm txij li 5 txog rau xyoo pua 15th, qhov tseeb, keeb kwm ntawm lub ntiaj teb Catholic. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias nyob rau hauv Soviet science lub era ntawm lub Nrab Hnub nyoog yog ncua mus txog rau thaum pib ntawm lub New Age, uas yog, mus txog rau thaum lub xyoo pua 18th. Txawm li cas los xij, ib feem, cov kws tshawb fawb medievalists kawm keeb kwm ntawm Hnub Nyoog Tshiab.
Thib ob, cov kws tshawb fawb no tseem tab tom tshawb nrhiav lwm lub sijhawm,Piv txwv li, lub caij nyoog ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog, tab sis qhov kev xaiv ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb medieval no yog siv tsawg dua. Txawm li cas los xij, niaj hnub medievalists nyiam saib lawv cov haujlwm ua haujlwm thoob ntiaj teb, tsis txwv rau European Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog. Ntxiv nrog rau keeb kwm ntawm lub teb chaws nyob rau lub sijhawm no, kev tshawb fawb medieval suav nrog ntau yam keeb kwm kev qhuab qhia - sphragistics, keeb kwm keeb kwm, keeb kwm, keeb kwm keeb kwm, keeb kwm keeb kwm, keeb kwm keeb kwm, kev ua yeeb yam, kos duab thiab lwm yam kev tshawb fawb..
Keeb Kwm Keeb Kwm ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb nyob rau sab hnub poob
Kev txaus siab rau Hnub Nyoog Nrab Hnub Nyoog thawj zaug tshwm sim hauv Renaissance, thaum xyoo Nrab Hnub nyoog pib raug hu ua ib lub sijhawm keeb kwm (lub npe ntawm Flavio Biondo yog txuam nrog qhov kev tsim kho tshiab). Nyob rau hauv lub 17th-18th centuries, txoj kev mus rau qhov chaw tau los ua ntau thiab ntau zoo (lawv tus naj npawb tau nce heev tiv thaiv keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm lawv tus kheej "tsaus" yav dhau los). Ib qho kev pom tseem ceeb ntawm lawv tau tsim, kev qhuab qhia ntxiv tshwm sim, xws li numismatics, genealogy thiab lwm yam. Lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb ntawm no tau ua los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb txog tib neeg, uas siv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev txheeb xyuas cov peev txheej tsim los ntawm lawv, thiab lub npe hu ua "cov kws tshawb fawb hauv pawg ntseeg", uas tau pab txhawb kom muaj ntau qhov chaw. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th, ib qho kev nyiam romantic thiab kev xav zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Cov Hnub Nyoog Nrab Hnub Nyoog tau kov yeej, tsis zoo li txoj hauj lwm ntawm Enlightenment, uas tsim kev txaus siab ntxiv rau lub sijhawm ntawd.
Zoo mus rau lub xyoo pua 19th, nws tuaj yeem hais tau tias cov kev tshawb fawb medieval yog kev qhuab qhia kev tshawb fawb tag nrho. Thaum lub sij hawm no, historians nquag nquagtig mus rau archives, rho tawm cov ntaub ntawv tshiab, uas ua rau muaj kev loj hlob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm, tsim cov tsev kawm keeb kwm hauv tebchaws. Raws li lub ntsiab scientific paradigm, ib tug positivist mus kom ze rau txoj kev kawm ntawm lub ntsiab lus yog siv. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, kev txaus siab rau Hnub Nyoog Nrab Hnub nyoog tsom rau ib tus neeg tshwj xeeb, yog li, hauv 1930s, "Annals School" tau tshwm sim (tsis ntev tom qab qhov tshwm sim ntawm phau ntawv journal nrhiav tau los ntawm Mark Blok thiab Lucien Febvre), raws li ib tug qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov lus qhia tshiab scientific tshwm sim. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, lub tsev kawm ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb medieval tau tsim, thiab Marxist views tau nthuav tawm - tom kawg tau pom meej meej hauv keeb kwm ntawm Soviet.
Ib ob peb lo lus hais txog kev tshawb fawb hauv tebchaws Russia
Kev kawm txog Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab hauv Russia tau txais ib qho kev tshawb fawb hauv 1st ib nrab ntawm xyoo pua 19th. Kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb tau them rau keeb kwm kev lag luam hauv zej zog, tshwj xeeb, "Lavxias teb sab tsev kawm ntawv ua liaj ua teb" tau raug xaiv, uas zoo sib xws rau cov kev xav tau ntawm keeb kwm kev muaj tiag. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th, ib tug Marxist mus kom ze tsim nyob rau hauv medieval kev tshawb fawb, uas tsis muaj qhov zoo tshaj plaws nyhuv ntawm lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tshawb fawb, uas yog pom nyob rau hauv Soviet historiography. Ib feem, nws tuaj yeem hais tau tias kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb ntawm Soviet era yog opportunistic, tab sis txij li thaum txoj kev tshawb fawb ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog tsis yog cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb rau kev tshawb fawb, nws tsis muaj kev tsim txom ntawm kev xav. Yog li ntawd, nws tsis tuaj yeem hais tias cov kev tshawb fawb medieval hauv USSR tsis tau ua tiav hauv kev kawm txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov Hnub Nyoog Nrab Hnub nyoog, ntau pua xyoo ntawm lub sijhawm no.txuas ntxiv los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb Soviet mus txog rau Fabkis Revolution (1779), qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog thiab Hnub Nyoog Tshiab.
Main Issues of Medieval Studies
Cov kws tshawb fawb Medieval tam sim no tab tom tshawb fawb hauv thaj chaw tshiab, xws li microhistory, psychohistory, kev lag luam ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog, kev sib raug zoo ntawm poj niam txiv neej, keeb kwm ntawm lub neej niaj hnub thiab lwm yam tshwj xeeb.
Medieval Studies tam sim no
Hnub no, muaj cov chaw rau kev kawm txog Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab thoob ntiaj teb, uas txuas nrog rau cov tsev kawm ntawv loj lossis cov chaw tshawb fawb. Txhua tus ntawm lawv tau tsim thaum lub sij hawm tsim lub teb chaws cov tsev kawm ntawv rau kev kawm ntawm lub Nrab Hnub nyoog thiab, raws li, rau lawv, medieval kev tshawb fawb yog ib tug kawm txog lub teb chaws tshwj xeeb ntawm lub sij hawm no thiab lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no keeb kwm. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, Cov Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab tau nce ntxiv hauv lub ntiaj teb cov ntsiab lus, uas tau txhawb nqa los ntawm ntau lub rooj sib tham uas cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm ntau lub teb chaws koom nrog, uas yog, ua li no "supranational" kev sib raug zoo. Nyob rau hauv Russia, muaj tag nrho cov-Lavxias teb sab Association ntawm Medievalists, thiab cov magazine "Nrab Hnub nyoog" yog luam tawm, uas muaj nyob rau hauv 1942.
