Shklovsky Iosif Samuilovich - Soviet astronomer, astrophysicist: biography, scientific kev ua si

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Shklovsky Iosif Samuilovich - Soviet astronomer, astrophysicist: biography, scientific kev ua si
Shklovsky Iosif Samuilovich - Soviet astronomer, astrophysicist: biography, scientific kev ua si
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Iosif Samuilovich Shklovsky - tus kws tshaj lij astrophysicist, tus tswv cuab ntawm USSR Academy of Sciences, tus tswv cuab ntawm cov kev kawm txawv teb chaws thiab cov koom haum. Nrog nws cov kev xav thiab kev ua haujlwm, nws muaj feem cuam tshuam rau kev loj hlob ntawm lub ntiaj teb astrophysics nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th. Shklovsky tsim ib qho kev taw qhia tshiab - tag nrho-yoj evolution. Tus sau ntawm ntau qhov kev xav niaj hnub hais txog lub hnub qub tsim ntawm Lub Ntiaj Teb, nrog rau cov haujlwm thiab cov phau ntawv ntawm astronomy.

Biography ntawm Shklovsky Joseph Samuilovich

Iosif Samuilovich yug thaum Lub Xya Hli 1, 1916, hauv tsev neeg ntawm cov tub lag luam pluag. Glukhov los ua nws hometown. Ces txoj hmoo coj nws mus rau Kazakhstan, qhov twg nyob rau hauv 1931 nws kawm tiav los ntawm ib tug xya-xyoo tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Akmolinsk (tam sim no lub peev ntawm lub koom pheej ntawm Kazakhstan - lub nroog ntawm Astana). Tom qab kawm tiav hauv tsev kawm ntawv, Yauxej tau koom nrog kev tsim kho ntu ntawm Baikal-Amur Mainline rau peb xyoos. Nws yog ib tug thawj coj ntawm kev tsim kho txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau ntawm Magnitogorsk - Karaganda - Balkhash txoj kev.

Shklovsky Iosif Samuilovich
Shklovsky Iosif Samuilovich

xyoo kawm ntawv, kawm tiav tsev kawm ntawv

Hauv xyoo 1933, Iosif Samuilovich tau txais los ua tub ntxhais kawm ntawm Vladivostok University ntawm Kws Qhia Ntawv ntawm Physics thiab lej.

Tom qab kawm ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv no tau ob xyoos, nws raug xa mus rau Moscow, qhov chaw nws kawm txuas ntxiv ntawm Kws qhia ntawv ntawm Physics ntawm Moscow State University.

Tom qab kawm tiav hauv xyoo 1938, Iosif Samuilovich tau txais mus kawm tiav tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Lub Xeev Astronomical Institute. P. Sternberg (GAISh). Cov qauv no yog ib feem ntawm Moscow State University. Ntawm Department of Astrophysics, tus kws kho qhov muag hluas pib nws qhov nce mus rau qhov siab ntawm kev tshawb fawb stellar.

Npog ntawm Shklovsky phau ntawv "Echelon"
Npog ntawm Shklovsky phau ntawv "Echelon"

Dissertation defense

Thaum pib ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Loj Loj, nrog rau cov koom haum ntawm Moscow, Yauxej tau khiav tawm mus rau Ashgabat. Txawm tias nws thov, Shklovsky tsis raug coj mus rau pem hauv ntej vim qhov muag tsis pom kev. Nws rov qab mus rau Moscow nrog SAI tam sim tom qab tsov rog.

Ua ntej ntawd, xyoo 1944, hauv kev khiav tawm, nws tau tiv thaiv nws txoj kev kawm Ph. D. Nws lub ntsiab lus yog astrophysical electron kub.

Xyoo 1947, Shklovsky, ua ke nrog cov phooj ywg astrophysicists, tau ua kev ntoj ke mus rau Brazil, qhov chaw uas nws pom tag nrho cov hnub ci eclipse thiab corona ntawm lub hnub. Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias lub ntoj ke mus kawm muaj ib tug xov tooj cua telescope ntawm nws pov tseg, uas yog ib tug breakthrough rau lub sij hawm ntawd.

Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev soj ntsuam ntawm lub teeb pom kev zoo thiab cov kev tshawb fawb tau tsim los ntawm kev ua haujlwm piav qhia txog qhov kev xav ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub hnub ci corona. Raws li nws lub hauv paus hauv xyoo 1948 nws tau tiv thaiv nws daim ntawv pov thawj kws kho mob.

Kev qhia ua haujlwm

Xyoo 1953, Shklovsky yog thawj zaug hauv USSR los pib qhia txog xov tooj cua astronomy. Lawv tau nrov heev uas tsis yog cov tub ntxhais kawm tiav thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm lawv lub tsev kawm ntawv ib txwm muaj thiab lwm lub koom haum ntawm lub peev tuaj mloog lawv, tab sis kuj yog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm kev tshawb fawb los ntawm lwm lub koom haum Moscow.

Iosif Shklovsky nrog cov npoj yaig
Iosif Shklovsky nrog cov npoj yaig

Rau cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm astrophysicists nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tau npaj thiab nyeem cov lus qhuab qhia txog cov teeb meem ntawm theoretical physics.

Nrog rau qhov pib ntawm lub hnub nyoog ntawm qhov chaw, Shklovsky hauv SAI tau teeb tsa thiab coj mus rau ib chav uas saib xyuas thawj lub satellite ntawm lub ntiaj teb siv cov cuab yeej.

Cov kev xav siab xav

Tam sim no, xyoo 1957, Iosif Samuilovich tau pib kawm txog qhov teeb meem ntawm kev muaj peev xwm ntawm lub neej hauv ntiaj teb. Lub ntsiab lus no tau ntes nws thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm nrog V. Krasovsky ntawm kev kawm txog qhov ua rau tuag ntawm dinosaurs hauv ntiaj teb. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau cuam tshuam lawv txoj kev ploj mus nrog tawg ntawm cov hluav taws xob luv luv uas muaj zog, uas yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev tawg nyob ze rau lub ntiaj teb supernova. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sib koom ua haujlwm tau tshaj tawm ntawm lub rooj sib tham hauv SAI thiab tau txais kev lees paub dav.

Joseph Shklovsky nyob rau hauv nws cov hluas
Joseph Shklovsky nyob rau hauv nws cov hluas

Hauv xyoo 1958, Shklovsky Iosif Samuilovich pib kawm txog cov satellites ntawm Mars. Nws tau hais tias lawv tuaj yeem yog cov hauv paus chiv keeb. Cov ntaub ntawv muaj nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm "tsis xws luag" deceleration ntawm Phobos coj Shklovsky mus rau lub xaus hais tias lub celestial lub cev muaj ib tug tsawg ntom,hais txog qhov tsis muaj dab tsi sab hauv, tejzaum nws tsim tau tsim. Txhawm rau kom paub meej tias nws qhov kev txiav txim siab, nws txawm pib ua ib qhov project, thaum lub sij hawm ua raws li nws yuav tsum ntsuas qhov tseeb ntawm Phobos. Rau qhov no, nws tau npaj siv cov chaw nres tsheb sib txuas, uas USSR xav xa mus rau Mars. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis tuaj yeem paub cov phiaj xwm no.

Ntxhais Comet

Shklovsky hauv xyoo 1959 tau teeb tsa thiab ua tiav qhov kev sim, uas nws hu ua "Artificial Comet". Rau nws txoj kev siv, huab cua sodium tau tso tawm rau sab nrauv los ntawm Soviet satellite. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub hnub ci, sodium atoms pib fluoresce resonantly, uas tau pom thiab kawm los ntawm lub ntiaj teb nto.

Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov kev sim no tau los ua lub hauv paus rau txoj hauv kev los txiav txim siab qhov chaw ntawm lub dav hlau. Tom qab ntawd lawv tau siv los kawm cov txheej txheem sab saud ntawm lub ntiaj teb huab cua thiab ib puag ncig sab nraud ntawm lub hnub ci.

Rau kev tshawb fawb hauv thaj teb ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm lub hnub qub dag hauv xyoo 1960, Shklovsky Iosif Samuilovich tau txais txiaj ntsig Lenin nqi zog.

Exploring Deep Space

Xyoo 1960, Shklovsky, ntawm nws tus kheej los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb Asmeskas, tau thov kom tshawb nrhiav cov khoom tsim tawm los ntawm qhov tob ntawm lub Ntiaj Teb ntawm 21 cm., lub neej, lub siab , uas tau tso tawm xyoo 1962.

Phau ntawv ntawm Joseph Shklovsky
Phau ntawv ntawm Joseph Shklovsky

Tom qab, txhim kho kuv lub zeem muag ntawmLub ntiaj teb, Shklovsky tuaj rau qhov xaus hais tias lub neej nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no tej zaum ib tug tshwj xeeb phenomenon. Nws tau lees paub nws qhov kev txiav txim siab thiab txoj haujlwm los ntawm qhov tseeb tias, txawm tias muaj kev nce qib tseem ceeb hauv kev soj ntsuam astronomical, Cosmos teb nrog kev ntsiag to, lub neej hauv ntiaj teb, yog tias muaj, nyob deb heev.

Txuas ntxiv nws txoj kev tshawb fawb, Iosif Samuilovich tau qhia txog cov tswv yim zoo li "relic radiation", "presumption of naturalness" rau hauv ntiaj teb xyaum.

Nyob rau hauv lub 60s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, nws tsim thiab coj lub department ntawm xov tooj cua astronomy nyob rau hauv lub SAI. Cov qauv no tau txais koob meej thoob ntiaj teb ob peb xyoos, dhau los ua poj koob yawm txwv ntawm kev hloov tshiab hauv astronomy thiab astrophysics.

Xyoo 1966, Iosif Shklovsky tau raug xaiv los ua tus tswv cuab ntawm USSR Academy of Sciences. Peb xyoos tom qab ntawd, nws tau los ua tus thawj coj ntawm astrophysics department ntawm lub koom haum tshawb fawb chaw tsim. Nws coj lub tuam tsev no mus txog hnub kawg ntawm nws lub neej.

Txhawb kev tawm tsam, tiv thaiv txoj cai ntawm cov neeg Yudais haiv neeg

Iosif Samuilovich Shklovsky kuj tau paub txog kev txhawb nqa cov neeg tawm tsam hauv USSR. Qhib kev txhawb nqa Andrei Sakharov. Nws nquag tawm tsam kev ntxub ntxaug tawm tsam cov neeg Yudais haiv neeg, suav nrog thaum nkag mus rau hauv tsev kawm qib siab, hauv cov teeb meem uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lawv nce qib kev ua haujlwm. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, nws tsis raug tso cai tawm mus sab nraud USSR mus rau ntau yam xwm txheej tshawb fawb, qhov chaw uas nws tau raug caw mus tas li.

Shklovsky thiab American sau xov xwm Gri
Shklovsky thiab American sau xov xwm Gri

Ntawm nws thawj zaug mus txawv tebchaws, xyoo 1979, mus rau lub rooj sib tham hauv Montreal, Canada, nwstau txais kev pom zoo kom nyob txawv teb chaws mus ib txhis, kom tsis kam rov qab mus rau Soviet Union. Tawm mus rau qhov chaw nyob ruaj khov hauv Ixayees. Txawm li cas los xij, Shklovsky categorically tsis lees paub nws.

Iosif Samuilovich Shklovsky tuag hauv Moscow thaum Lub Peb Hlis 3, 1985. Qhov ua rau tuag yog mob stroke.

Shklovsky's legacy

Shklovsky paub rau nws cov neeg kawm tsis yog tsuas yog tus kws tshaj lij astrophysicist xwb, tab sis kuj yog tus txiv plig ntawm ntau tus kws tshawb fawb nto moo. Nws tau cob qhia ob tus kws tshaj lij ntawm Academy of Sciences, 10 Tus Kws Kho Mob ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb thiab txog 30 Cov Neeg Sib Tw ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb.

Nws pioneered txoj kev kawm ntawm lub physics ntawm lub hnub ci corona. Nws yog thawj tus los kawm thiab piav qhia meej txog cov txheej txheem ionization ntawm lub hnub thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm nws cov xov tooj cua emission.

Nws tej hauj lwm yog ntiaj teb nto moo, nyob rau hauv uas nws ua pov thawj tias 21 cm ntev hluav taws xob generated los ntawm nruab nrab hydrogen atoms nyob rau hauv lub Galaxy thiab lub ntug yog soj ntsuam.

Cov neeg uas sib txuas lus nrog Iosif Shklovsky tau hais txog nws yog ib tug neeg ntse, txawv tshaj plaw. Nws coj ib puag ncig rau lub siab. Kuv sim teb rau txhua qhov xwm txheej. Kev sib txuas lus nrog nws yuav tsum tau nruj, tab sis nws ib txwm nyiam heev.

Ntawm lub satellite ntawm Mars - Phobos - lub crater muaj npe tom qab nws.

Iosif Shklovsky 1983
Iosif Shklovsky 1983

Shklovsky yog tus sau 300 qhov kev tshaj tawm ntawm kev tshawb fawb, nrog rau cuaj phau ntawv ntawm astronomy.

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