Txhua lub hlwb ntawm cov kab mob muaj sia muaj xws li cov plasma membrane, nucleus thiab cytoplasm. Cov tom kawg muaj organelles thiab inclusions.
Organoids yog cov tsim nyob rau hauv lub cell, txhua yam uas ua tau tej yam functions. Kev suav nrog yog cov qauv ib ntus uas feem ntau muaj glycogen hauv cov tsiaj thiab cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab hauv cov nroj tsuag. Lawv ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug thaub qab. Kev suav nrog tuaj yeem pom ob qho tib si hauv cytoplasm thiab hauv matrix ntawm tus kheej organelles, xws li chloroplasts.
Kev faib tawm ntawm cov organelles
Nyob ntawm tus qauv, lawv muab faib ua ob pawg loj. Hauv cytology, membrane thiab non-membrane organelles txawv. Cov qub tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob pawg: ib leeg-membrane thiab ob-membrane.
Ib leeg-membrane organelles suav nrog endoplasmic reticulum (reticulum), Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, vesicles, melanosomes.
Mitochondria thiab plastids raug cais raws li ob-membrane organelles(chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leukoplasts). Lawv muaj cov txheej txheem nyuaj tshaj plaws, thiab tsis yog vim muaj ob daim nyias nyias. Kev suav nrog thiab txawm tias tag nrho cov organelles thiab DNA kuj tseem tuaj yeem muaj nyob hauv lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg. Piv txwv li, ribosomes thiab mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) tuaj yeem pom hauv mitochondrial matrix.
Cov organelles uas tsis yog-membrane muaj xws li ribosomes, cell center (centriole), microtubules thiab microfilaments.
Non-membrane organelles: kev ua haujlwm
Ribosomes xav tau txhawm rau txhawm rau tsim cov protein. Lawv yog lub luag hauj lwm rau cov txheej txheem ntawm kev txhais lus, uas yog, txiav txim siab cov ntaub ntawv uas nyob rau hauv mRNA, thiab tsim ib tug polypeptide saw los ntawm ib tug neeg amino acids.
Lub xovtooj ntawm tes tau koom nrog hauv kev tsim ntawm kev faib spindle. Nws yog tsim thaum lub sij hawm meiosis thiab mitosis.
Non-membrane organelles xws li microtubules tsim cov cytoskeleton. Nws ua cov txheej txheem thiab kev thauj mus los. Ob leeg tib neeg cov khoom thiab tag nrho cov organelles, piv txwv li, mitochondria, tuaj yeem txav mus rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm microtubules. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev thauj mus los tshwm sim nrog kev pab ntawm cov protein tshwj xeeb, uas yog hu ua motor proteins. Lub koom haum microtubule chaw yog lub centriole.
Microfilaments tuaj yeem koom nrog hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov cov duab ntawm tes, thiab tseem xav tau rau kev txav ntawm qee cov kab mob hauv ib leeg, xws li amoeba. Tsis tas li ntawd, ntau yam qauv tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm lawv, cov haujlwm uas tsis nkag siab tag nrho.
qauv
Raws li lub npe qhia, cov kab mob uas tsis yog-membranetsis muaj daim nyias nyias. Lawv yog tsim los ntawm cov proteins. Ib txhia ntawm lawv kuj muaj nucleic acids.
qauv ntawm ribosomes
Cov organelles uas tsis yog-membrane muaj nyob rau ntawm phab ntsa ntawm endoplasmic reticulum. Lub ribosome muaj ib tug kheej kheej, nws txoj kab uas hla yog 100-200 angstroms. Cov organelles uas tsis yog-membrane muaj ob feem (subunits) - me thiab loj. Thaum cov ribosome tsis ua haujlwm, lawv raug cais tawm. Txhawm rau kom lawv sib sau ua ke, muaj magnesium lossis calcium ions hauv cytoplasm yog qhov tsim nyog.
Qee lub sij hawm, thaum lub sij hawm synthesis ntawm loj protein molecules, ribosomes tuaj yeem ua ke rau hauv pawg hu ua polyribosomes lossis polysomes. Tus naj npawb ntawm ribosomes hauv lawv tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm 4-5 txog 70-80, nyob ntawm qhov loj ntawm cov protein molecule uas lawv ua ke.
Ribosomes yog tsim los ntawm cov protein thiab rRNA (ribosomal ribonucleic acid), nrog rau cov dej molecules thiab hlau ions (magnesium los yog calcium).
qauv ntawm lub cell center
Nyob rau hauv eukaryotes, cov organelles uas tsis yog-membranous muaj ob feem hu ua centrosomes thiab ib tug centrosphere, ib tug sib dua cheeb tsam ntawm lub cytoplasm uas nyob ib ncig ntawm lub centrioles. Tsis zoo li cov ntaub ntawv nrog ribosomes, qhov chaw ntawm cov organoid no feem ntau ua ke. Kev sib xyaw ntawm ob lub centrosomes hu ua diplosome.
Txhua lub centrosome yog tsim los ntawm microtubules uas tau coiled rau hauv lub tog raj kheej.
qauv ntawm microfilaments thiab microtubules
Cov qub yog tsim los ntawm actin thiab lwm yam contractile proteins xws limyosin, tropomyosin, thiab lwm yam.
Microtubules yog cov thooj voos kheej kheej ntev, khoob hauv, uas loj hlob los ntawm centriole mus rau cov npoo ntawm lub xovtooj. Lawv txoj kab uas hla yog 25 nm, thiab qhov ntev tuaj yeem yog los ntawm ob peb nanometers mus rau ob peb millimeters, nyob ntawm qhov loj thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm tes. Cov non-membrane organelles feem ntau yog ua los ntawm cov protein tubulin.
Microtubules yog cov kab mob tsis ruaj khov uas hloov tas li. Lawv muaj qhov kawg ntxiv thiab qhov kawg rho tawm. Thawj qhov txuas mus txuas rau tubulin molecules rau nws tus kheej, thiab lawv txuas ntxiv los ntawm qhov thib ob.
Tsim cov organelles tsis-membrane
Lub nucleolus yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev tsim cov ribosomes. Nyob rau hauv nws, tsim ntawm ribosomal RNA tshwm sim, cov qauv ntawm uas yog encoded los ntawm ribosomal DNA nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb seem ntawm chromosomes. Cov proteins uas tsim cov organelles yog synthesized nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm. Tom qab ntawd, lawv raug thauj mus rau nucleolus, qhov chaw uas lawv tau ua ke nrog ribosomal RNA, tsim cov subunits me thiab loj. Tom qab ntawd cov organelles npaj tau txav mus rau hauv cytoplasm, thiab tom qab ntawd mus rau ntawm phab ntsa ntawm granular endoplasmic reticulum.
Lub chaw cell tau muaj nyob rau hauv lub cell txij li thaum nws tsim. Nws yog tsim thaum lub sij hawm faib ntawm niam cell.
Zoo kawg
Raws li qhov xaus, ntawm no yog lub rooj luv luv.
| Organoid | Localization | Functions | Kev tsim kho | ||||
| Ribosome | sab nraud ntawm daim nyias nyias ntawm granular endoplasmic reticulum; cytoplasm | synthesisproteins (kev txhais lus) | ob subunits ua los ntawm rRNA thiab cov proteins | ||||
| Cell center | cheeb tsam nruab nrab ntawm lub cell cytoplasm | kev koom tes hauv kev tsim cov fission spindle, koom haum ntawm microtubules | ob microtubule centrioles thiab centrosphere | ||||
| cytoplasm | tuav cov duab ntawm tes, thauj khoom thiab qee cov organelles | ntev lub tog raj kheej ntawm cov protein (feem ntau tubulin) | |||||
| cytoplasm | hloov cov duab ntawm tes, thiab lwm yam. | proteins (feem ntau actin, myosin) | |||||
Yog li, tam sim no koj paub txhua yam txog cov kab mob uas tsis yog-membrane, uas muaj nyob hauv cov nroj tsuag, tsiaj txhu thiab cov kab mob fungal.
