Cov kws tshaj lij sib txawv muab kev txhais lus sib txawv ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm "ethnography". Qee tus hu nws txoj kev tshawb fawb lossis kev qhuab qhia scientific, lwm tus muab lub ntsiab lus tsis zoo rau hauv lub tswv yim no. Yog li, dab tsi yog ethnography? Thaum twg lo lus no pib thiab nws txawv ntawm "ethnology" li cas? Txhais los ntawm Greek, lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus "ethnography" yog "kev piav qhia ntawm haiv neeg". Yog tias peb kos cov ntsiab lus tiav, ces qhov no suav nrog cov lus piav qhia txog keeb kwm, kev hloov pauv ntawm haiv neeg, nws cov ntsiab lus, nws txoj kev ua neej thiab kev lis kev cai, khoom siv thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm sab ntsuj plig. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov xwm txheej no yog ethnography. Cov kev tshawb fawb uas kawm cov cim saum toj no kuj hu ua.
Ethnography raws li kev tshawb fawb suav nrog ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub neej thiab cov txheej txheem kev sib raug zoo, uas yog vim li cas cov lus nug ntawm dab tsi ethnography tseem cuam tshuam. Nws suav nrog thaj chaw xws li paleoethnography, demography, haiv neeg keeb kwm, ethnopsychology thiab ethnosociology, lub cev anthropology thiab ntau lwm yam.kev qhuab qhia.
"Txiv" ntawm haiv neeg tuaj yeem raug suav hais tias yog Herodotus, uas tau tawm mus rau cov xeeb ntxwv ntau cov lus piav qhia tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg nyob sib ze thiab pab pawg. Ua raws li nws tuaj yeem raug hu ua cov kws tshawb fawb Greek thaum ub Thucydides, Democritus, Hippocrates thiab qee cov neeg Iyiv thaum ub. Tau kawg, thaum lub sijhawm ntawd tsis muaj leej twg xav txog dab tsi ethnography yog, lo lus nws tus kheej tsuas yog tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib puas xyoo dhau los.
Qhov chaw ntawm haiv neeg - qhov no yog cov ntaub ntawv tau los ntawm kev sib txuas lus ncaj qha nrog cov neeg piav qhia, kev soj ntsuam rau qee lub sijhawm ntawm lawv txoj kev ua neej, kev coj noj coj ua, kab lis kev cai. Cov no tuaj yeem yog kev mus ncig ua si lossis nyob ruaj khov ntawm cov neeg pom. Cov peev txheej haiv neeg feem ntau muab faib ua ntau hom:
1) khoom lossis khoom siv (khaub ncaws, khoom siv hauv tsev, zaub mov, nyiaj, hniav nyiaj hniav kub thiab lwm yam khoom);
2) sau (txhua yam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg, phau ntawv teev npe, zaub mov txawv, sau cov lus dab neeg thiab epics, thiab lwm yam);
3) lus dab neeg (suab nkauj, ditties, qhov ncauj epics thiab lus dab neeg, thiab tsis yog lawv qhov kev ua tau zoo nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj yog cov xwm txheej uas nws tshwm sim);
4) linguistic (kab lus twg lawv koom nrog, hom lus twg muaj, hais lus, thiab lwm yam).
Ntxiv rau qhov plaub hom no, physico-anthropological (cov qauv ntawm pob txha taub hau, cov yam ntxwv sab nraud) thiab cov khoom siv suab (duab, yees duab, cov ntaub ntawv suab) kuj tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv, txawm hais tias tom kawg yog qhov chaw. Secondary.
Lub tebchaws nplua nuj tshaj plaws yog, tau kawg, Russia. Ntau tshaj 150 tus neeg nyob hauv nws thaj chaw, tab sis ntau tus ntawm lawv kuj tau faib lawv tus kheej mus rau hauv pawg neeg. Lub ethnography ntawm Russia tau coj los ua ib qho kev tshawb fawb ywj pheej los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Ntau tus kws sau ntawv Lavxias tau dhau los ua neeg ntiaj teb nto moo - L. N. Gumilyov, V. Ya. Propp, N. N. Miklukho-Maclay, S. A. Tokarev thiab lwm tus. Nyob rau hauv Russia, lo lus nug ntawm dab tsi ethnography kuj tshwm sim, tab sis lub ntsiab lus muaj ib tug txawv me ntsis. Qhov tseeb yog hais tias lub sij hawm ntawd nyob rau hauv Western European lub teb chaws lub sij hawm "ethnology" tau siv, uas tsis yog rooted nyob rau hauv Russia. Tsuas yog txij li xyoo 1990s muaj cov kws tshawb fawb Lavxias pib siv ob lo lus no, qee zaum ua cov lus sib piv thiab qee zaum muaj qhov sib txawv me ntsis.
