Cov cim ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lawv lub npe

Cov txheej txheem:

Cov cim ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lawv lub npe
Cov cim ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lawv lub npe
Anonim

Chemistry, zoo li txhua yam kev tshawb fawb, xav tau qhov tseeb. Cov ntaub ntawv sawv cev hauv qhov kev paub txog kev paub no tau tsim nyob rau ntau pua xyoo, thiab cov qauv tam sim no yog cov qauv zoo uas muaj tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog rau kev ua haujlwm theoretical ntxiv nrog rau txhua lub ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb.

Thaum sau cov qauv thiab qhov sib npaug, nws tsis yooj yim rau siv tag nrho cov npe ntawm cov tshuaj, thiab niaj hnub no ib lossis ob tsab ntawv tau siv rau lub hom phiaj no - cov cim tshuaj ntawm cov khoom.

History

Nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no thaum ub, nrog rau cov Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab, cov kws tshawb fawb tau siv cov duab cim los qhia txog ntau yam, tab sis cov cim qhia no tsis yog qauv. Nws tsis yog txog rau thaum xyoo pua 13th uas tau sim ua kom lub cim ntawm cov khoom thiab cov ntsiab lus, thiab los ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th, cov hlau tshiab tau pib raug xaiv los ntawm thawj cov tsiaj ntawv ntawm lawv lub npe. Lub tswv yim zoo sib xws yog siv hauv chemistry rau hnub no.

lub xeev tam sim no ntawm lub npe system

Hnub no, muaj ntau tshaj li ib puas thiab nees nkaum cov tshuaj lom neeg paub, qee qhov teeb meem loj heev los nrhiav hauv qhov xwm txheej. Nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias txawm nyob hauvNyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, science paub txog lub hav zoov ntawm tsuas yog 63 ntawm lawv, thiab tsis muaj ib tug tib lub npe system los yog ib tug tseem ceeb system rau nthuav qhia tshuaj cov ntaub ntawv.

cov npe thiab cov cim ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg
cov npe thiab cov cim ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg

Qhov teeb meem kawg tau daws nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm tib lub xyoo pua los ntawm Lavxias tus kws tshawb fawb D. I. Mendeleev, vam khom rau qhov tsis ua tiav ntawm nws cov thawj coj. Cov txheej txheem naming tseem niaj hnub no - muaj ntau lub ntsiab lus nrog cov lej los ntawm 119 thiab saum toj no, qhia hauv lub rooj los ntawm Latin cov ntawv luv luv ntawm lawv cov lej. Kev hais lus ntawm cov cim ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm pawg no yog ua raws li Latin cov cai rau kev nyeem cov lej: 119 - ununenny (lus "ib puas thiab kaum cuaj"), 120 - unbinilium ("ib puas thiab nees nkaum") thiab lwm yam..

Feem ntau ntawm cov ntsiab lus muaj lawv tus kheej lub npe, muab los ntawm Latin, Greek, Arabic, German keeb kwm, qee qhov cuam tshuam txog lub hom phiaj ntawm cov khoom, thiab lwm tus ua raws li cov cim tsis muaj zog.

Etymology ntawm qee cov ntsiab lus

Raws li tau hais los saum toj no, qee lub npe thiab cov cim ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg yog ua raws li cov yam ntxwv pom tau zoo.

Lub npe phosphorus, ci ntsa iab hauv qhov tsaus ntuj, los ntawm Greek lo lus "coj lub teeb". Thaum txhais ua lus Lavxias, muaj ntau lub npe "hais lus" tau pom: chlorine - "ntsuab", bromine - "tsis hnov tsw", rubidium - "dub liab", indium - "indigo xim". Txij li thaum cov cim tshuaj ntawm cov ntsiab lus tau muab rau hauv cov ntawv Latin, kev sib txuas ncaj qha ntawm lub npe nrog cov khoom siv rau cov cab kuj. Cov lus Lavxias feem ntau mus tsis pom.

Tseem muaj cov koom haum sau npe hloov maj mam. Yog li, lub npe ntawm selenium los ntawm Greek lo lus "Lub hli". Qhov no tshwm sim vim hais tias nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej no yog satellite ntawm tellurium, uas nws lub npe nyob rau hauv tib Greek txhais tau tias "Lub Ntiaj Teb".

qhia cov cim ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg
qhia cov cim ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg

Niobium zoo ib yam. Raws li Greek mythology, Niobe yog tus ntxhais ntawm Tantalus. Cov tshuaj tantalum tau tshawb pom ua ntej thiab zoo ib yam hauv nws cov khoom rau niobium - yog li, qhov kev sib txuas ntawm "txiv-ntxhais" tau npaj mus rau "kev sib raug zoo" ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj.

Ntxiv mus, tantalum tau txais nws lub npe nyob rau hauv kev hwm ntawm ib tug naas ej mythological cim tsis yog los ntawm lub caij nyoog. Qhov tseeb yog tias tau txais cov khoom no hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab yog qhov nyuaj heev, vim tias cov kws tshawb fawb tau tig mus rau chav tsev hais lus "Tantalum hmoov".

Lwm qhov xav paub keeb kwm qhov tseeb yog tias lub npe ntawm platinum txhais tau tias "nyiaj", piv txwv li qee yam zoo sib xws, tab sis tsis muaj nuj nqis li nyiaj. Qhov laj thawj yog vim li cas cov hlau no melts nyuaj dua li cov nyiaj, thiab yog li ntawd rau lub sijhawm ntev nws tsis siv thiab tsis muaj nqi tshwj xeeb.

txoj cai dav dav rau kev sau npe

Thaum saib lub sijhawm teem sijhawm, thawj yam uas ua rau koj lub qhov muag yog cov npe thiab cov cim ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg. Nws yog ib txwm ib los yog ob tsab ntawv Latin, thawj qhov yog peev. Kev xaiv ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv yog vim lub npe Latin ntawm lub caij. Txawm tias qhov tseeb tiasCov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus los ntawm Greek thaum ub, thiab los ntawm Latin, thiab los ntawm lwm yam lus, raws li tus qauv naming, Latin xaus yog ntxiv rau lawv.

Ntxim qab kawg, feem ntau ntawm cov cim yuav nkag siab zoo rau cov neeg hais lus Lavxias: txhuas, zinc, calcium lossis magnesium yog ib qho yooj yim rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv nco txog thawj zaug. Qhov teeb meem no nyuaj nrog cov npe uas txawv hauv Lavxias thiab Latin versions. Tus menyuam kawm ntawv yuav tsis nco qab tam sim ntawd tias silicon yog silicium, thiab mercury yog hydrargyrum. Txawm li cas los xij, koj yuav tsum nco ntsoov qhov no - cov duab sawv cev ntawm txhua lub ntsiab lus yog tsom mus rau Latin lub npe ntawm cov tshuaj, uas yuav tshwm sim hauv cov qauv tshuaj thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv xws li Si thiab Hg, feem.

muab cov cim tshuaj ntawm cov khoom
muab cov cim tshuaj ntawm cov khoom

Kom nco ntsoov cov npe no, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau cov tub ntxhais kawm ua kev tawm dag zog xws li: "Muab lub cim ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab nws lub npe."

Lwm txoj hauv kev sau npe

Cov npe ntawm qee lub ntsiab lus los ntawm lus Arabic thiab tau "stylized" ua Latin. Piv txwv li, sodium siv nws lub npe los ntawm lub hauv paus qia lub ntsiab lus "bubbling substance". Cov hauv paus hniav Arabic kuj tuaj yeem taug qab cov npe ntawm cov poov tshuaj thiab zirconium.

Cov cim ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg
Cov cim ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg

Cov lus German kuj muaj qhov cuam tshuam. Los ntawm nws tuaj lub npe ntawm xws li manganese, cob alt, nickel, zinc, tungsten. Kev sib txuas lus tsis yog ib txwm pom tseeb: piv txwv li, npib tsib xee yog cov ntawv luv rau lo lus lub ntsiab lus "dab ntxwg nyoog tooj liab".

Qee zaus, cov npe tautxhais ua lus Lavxias nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tracing daim ntawv: hydrogenium (lus "muab yug los rau dej") hloov mus ua hydrogen, thiab carboneum rau carbon.

Npe thiab lub npe

Ntau tshaj li kaum lub ntsiab lus muaj npe tom qab ntau tus kws tshawb fawb, suav nrog Albert Einstein, Dmitri Mendeleev, Enrico Fermi, Alfred Nobel, Ernest Rutherford, Niels Bohr, Marie Curie thiab lwm tus.

Qee lub npe los ntawm lwm lub npe: npe ntawm lub nroog, xeev, lub tebchaws. Piv txwv li: moscovium, dubnium, europium, tennessine. Tsis yog txhua qhov chaw npe yuav zoo li paub cov neeg hais lus Lavxias teb sab: nws tsis zoo li tias tus neeg tsis muaj kev cob qhia kab lis kev cai yuav paub txog tus kheej lub npe ntawm Nyij Pooj hauv lo lus nihonium - Nihon (hais tias: Lub Ntiaj Teb ntawm Rising Sun), thiab hauv hafnia - Latin version ntawm Copenhagen. Nrhiav kom paub txawm tias lub npe ntawm koj lub tebchaws nyob hauv lo lus ruthenium tsis yog ib txoj haujlwm yooj yim. Txawm li cas los xij, Russia hu ua Ruthenia hauv Latin, thiab 44th tshuaj lom neeg muaj npe tom qab nws.

pronunciation ntawm cov cim ntawm cov tshuaj chemical
pronunciation ntawm cov cim ntawm cov tshuaj chemical

Cov npe ntawm lub cev cosmic kuj tshwm sim hauv lub sijhawm: cov ntiaj chaw Uranus, Neptune, Pluto, Ceres, lub hnub qub Pallas. Ntxiv nrog rau cov npe ntawm cov cim ntawm Greek mythology thaum ub (Tantalum, Niobium), kuj tseem muaj cov Scandinavian: thorium, vanadium.

Lub Sijhawm Sijhawm

Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm peb paub niaj hnub no, coj lub npe ntawm Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev, lub ntsiab yog nthuav tawm los ntawm series thiab lub sij hawm. Hauv txhua lub xov tooj, cov khoom siv tshuaj yog qhia los ntawm cov cim tshuaj, ib sab ntawm lwm cov ntaub ntawv tau nthuav tawm: nws lub npe tag nrho, tus lej xov tooj, kev faib tawm ntawm electrons dhau.txheej, txheeb ze atomic mass. Txhua lub xov tooj muaj nws cov xim, uas nyob ntawm seb qhov xaiv s-, p-, d- lossis f- element.

Txoj kev sau ntawv

Thaum sau cov isotopes thiab isobars, cov lej loj tau muab tso rau sab laug sab laug ntawm lub cim cim - tag nrho cov naj npawb ntawm protons thiab neutrons hauv cov nucleus. Hauv qhov no, tus lej atomic tau muab tso rau hauv qab sab laug, uas yog tus lej ntawm protons.

phim lub cim ntawm ib qho tshuaj lom neeg
phim lub cim ntawm ib qho tshuaj lom neeg

Tus nqi ntawm ib qho ion yog sau rau ntawm sab xis sab xis, thiab cov naj npawb ntawm cov atoms qhia nyob rau tib sab hauv qab no. Cov cim rau cov ntsiab lus tshuaj ib txwm pib nrog tsab ntawv loj.

National spellings

Thaj av Asia-Pacific muaj nws tus kheej sau cov cim ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg, raws li kev sau ntawv hauv zos. Cov ntawv sau suav suav siv cov cim radical ua raws cov cim hauv lawv lub ntsiab lus phonetic. Cov cim ntawm cov hlau yog ua ntej los ntawm kos npe "hlau" lossis "kub", gases - los ntawm radical "steam", non-metals - los ntawm hieroglyph "pob zeb".

Hauv cov tebchaws nyob sab Europe, kuj tseem muaj cov xwm txheej thaum cov cim qhia ntawm lub sijhawm sau cia txawv ntawm cov ntawv sau tseg thoob ntiaj teb. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Fabkis, nitrogen, tungsten thiab beryllium muaj lawv tus kheej lub npe nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws hom lus thiab yog denoted los ntawm cov cim coj.

In xaus

Kawm hauv tsev kawm lossis txawm tias lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab, tsis tas yuav tsum nco cov ntsiab lus ntawm tag nrho lub sijhawm. Hauv kev nco, ib tus yuav tsum khaws cov cim tshuaj ntawm cov ntsiab lus uas feem ntaumuaj nyob rau hauv cov qauv thiab qhov sib npaug, thiab siv me ntsis los ntawm ib ntus saib hauv Is Taws Nem lossis phau ntawv kawm.

ib tug chemical element yog denoted los ntawm ib tug tshuaj cim
ib tug chemical element yog denoted los ntawm ib tug tshuaj cim

Txawm li cas los xij, txhawm rau zam kev ua yuam kev thiab tsis meej pem, koj yuav tsum paub tias cov ntaub ntawv tau teeb tsa hauv lub rooj li cas, nyob rau hauv qhov twg los nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv xav tau, thiab nco ntsoov kom meej tias cov npe lub npe txawv hauv Lavxias thiab Latin versions. Txwv tsis pub, koj yuav yuam kev Mg rau manganese thiab N rau sodium.

Kom tau txais kev xyaum thaum pib, ua cov kev tawm dag zog. Piv txwv li, qhia cov cim rau cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg rau ib qho kev xaiv xaiv ib ntus ntawm cov npe los ntawm cov ntawv teev sijhawm. Raws li koj tau txais kev paub dhau los, txhua yam yuav poob rau hauv qhov chaw thiab cov lus nug ntawm kev nco qab cov ntaub ntawv yooj yim no yuav ploj ntawm nws tus kheej.

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