Txhawm rau sau daim ntawv thov ntawm ntau theem ntawm kev nyuaj, koj thawj zaug yuav tsum tau txais kev paub txog yuav ua li cas. Thiab nws yog ntshaw kom pib los ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm algorithmization thiab programming. Nov yog qhov peb yuav tham txog hauv kab lus.
computer science yog dab tsi?
Nov yog lub npe ntawm kev kawm txuj ci nyuaj, txoj haujlwm uas yog los tsim cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim, ua, xa tawm, khaws cia thiab rov tsim cov ntaub ntawv siv computer technology. Nws kuj suav nrog cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab kev tswj xyuas uas pab ua kom tiav lub hom phiaj. Lub sij hawm "computer science" nws tus kheej yog los ntawm Fabkis keeb kwm thiab yog ib tug hybrid ntawm cov lus "cov ntaub ntawv" thiab "automation". Nws tshwm sim los ntawm kev txhim kho thiab kev tshaj tawm cov thev naus laus zis tshiab rau kev sau, ua thiab xa cov ntaub ntawv, uas tau cuam tshuam nrog lawv cov fixation ntawm tshuab xov xwm. Qhov no yog lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm computer science. Lub hauv paus ntawm algorithmization thiab programming yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb no.
Nws yog dab tsiua?
Informatics ntsib cov haujlwm hauv qab no:
- Hardware thiab software txhawb nqa computer technology.
- txhais tau tias kom muaj kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm tib neeg thiab lub khoos phis tawj nrog ib leeg.
Lo lus "interface" feem ntau yog siv los xa mus rau qhov kev tshaj lij. Ntawm no peb muaj qhov program pub dawb. Lub hauv paus ntawm algorithmization thiab programming yog ib txwm siv thaum tsim cov khoom lag luam ntawm kev faib khoom loj uas "yuav tsum" yeej cov neeg tuaj saib dav. Tseeb tiag, rau qhov muaj koob meej, daim ntawv thov tsim yuav tsum ua haujlwm thiab saib zoo.
Kev Sawv Cev ntawm algorithms
Lawv tuaj yeem sau tau ntau txoj hauv kev. Qhov nrov tshaj plaws yog cov hauv qab no:
- Verbal-formula description. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias qhov chaw ntawm cov ntawv nyeem thiab cov qauv tshwj xeeb uas yuav piav qhia cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam hauv txhua tus neeg mob.
- Flow daim duab. Lub xub ntiag ntawm cov duab kos yog implied, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm nkag siab txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm qhov kev pab cuam nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej thiab nrog rau lwm yam kev siv los yog lub hardware tivthaiv ntawm lub computer. Txhua tus ntawm lawv tuaj yeem ua lub luag haujlwm rau kev ua haujlwm, txheej txheem lossis qauv.
- Algorithmic lus. Nws txhais tau hais tias tsim cov kev sib cais ntawm kev piav qhia rau cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb, uas qhia txog cov yam ntxwv thiab cov haujlwm ua ntu zus.
- Cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm. Prototyping yog implied - nws yuav qhia kev sib cuam tshuam raws li txoj hauv kev uastus neeg ua haujlwm yuav dhau mus.
Pseudocode. Daim duab kos duab ntawm lub caj qaum ntawm qhov program.
Recording the algorithm
Yuav pib tsim koj tus qauv ntawm qhov kev pab cuam, kev ua haujlwm lossis txheej txheem li cas? Txhawm rau ua qhov no, nws txaus los siv cov lus pom zoo hauv qab no:
- Txhua lub algorithm yuav tsum muaj nws lub npe, uas piav qhia nws lub ntsiab lus.
- Nco ntsoov saib xyuas qhov muaj qhov pib thiab qhov kawg.
- Cov ntaub ntawv tawm tswv yim thiab tso tawm yuav tsum tau piav qhia.
- Qhia cov lus txib uas yuav ua qee yam ua ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb.
Kev Sau Ntawv
Muaj ntau li tsib tus sawv cev ntawm algorithm. Tab sis tsuas muaj ob txoj hauv kev sau:
- hais lus zoo. Nws yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov tseeb tias cov lus piav qhia feem ntau yog siv cov qauv thiab cov lus. Cov ntsiab lus, nrog rau cov kab ke ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm cov kauj ruam algorithm nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, yog sau nyob rau hauv ib tug natural professional lus nyob rau hauv ib tug arbitrary daim ntawv.
- nraaj. Feem ntau. Thaiv cov cim lossis cov txheej txheem ntawm algorithms yog siv rau nws. Kev sib txuas ntawm lawv yog qhia siv cov kab tshwj xeeb.
Txhim kho cov txheej txheem kev pab cuam
Muaj peb hom:
- Txoj kab. Nrog rau cov qauv no, tag nrho cov kev nqis tes ua tau ua raws li kev txiav txim ntawm qhov tseem ceeb thiab tsuas yog ib zaug xwb. Lub voj voog zoo li ib ntusblocks teem los ntawm sab saum toj mus rau hauv qab, nyob ntawm seb qhov kev txiav txim uas lawv raug tua. Qhov tshwm sim thawj zaug thiab nruab nrab cov ntaub ntawv tsis tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov txheej txheem suav.
- Ncua. Tau pom dav siv hauv kev xyaum, hauv kev daws teeb meem nyuaj. Yog li, yog tias nws yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account thawj zaug lossis cov txiaj ntsig nruab nrab, tom qab ntawd cov kev suav tsim nyog tau ua raws li lawv thiab cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov txheej txheem kev suav yuav hloov pauv nyob ntawm qhov txiaj ntsig tau.
Cyclic. Txhawm rau ua kom yooj yim rau koj tus kheej los ua haujlwm nrog ntau yam haujlwm, nws ua rau kev nkag siab tias yuav rov ua qee ntu ntawm qhov program code ntau zaus. Txhawm rau kom tsis txhob sau ntau npaum li cas thiab yuav tsum tau ua dab tsi, siv cov qauv cyclic. Nws muab rau ib ntu ntawm cov lus txib uas yuav rov ua dua kom txog rau thaum muaj xwm txheej tau ua tiav. Kev siv cov loops tso cai rau koj kom txo tau qhov nyuaj ntawm kev sau ib qho program.
Programming
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau xaiv cov lus programming uas yuav tsim cov kev pab cuam. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias ntau ntawm lawv yog "tsim" rau kev ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb (piv txwv li, hauv browser). Feem ntau, cov lus programming tau muab faib ua ob pawg:
- functional.
- Tus neeg ua haujlwm:
- tsis yog txheej txheem;
- txheej txheem.
Koj puas tuaj yeem twv seb qhov twg yog siv ntau tshaj? Tus neeg teb xov tooj-txheej txheem-qhov no yog cov lus teb. Lawv tuaj yeem yog tshuab oriented lossis ywj siab. Thawj cov yogassemblers, autocodes, cim coding. Kev ywj pheej raug faib raws li lawv txoj kev taw qhia:
- txheej txheem;
- problematic;
- object.
Txhua tus ntawm lawv muaj nws tus kheej. Tab sis rau kev sau cov kev pab cuam (cov ntawv siv tau zoo lossis kev ua si), cov lus hais txog hom lus feem ntau yog siv. Tau kawg, koj tuaj yeem siv lwm tus, tab sis qhov tseeb yog tias lawv yog cov tsim tawm tshaj plaws rau kev tsim cov khoom siv zaum kawg rau cov neeg coob coob. Yog lawm, thiab yog tias koj tseem tsis tau muaj lub zeem muag meej ntawm qhov twg yuav pib, kuv xav kom ua tib zoo mloog rau lub hauv paus ntawm algorithmization thiab object-oriented programming. Tam sim no qhov no yog ib qho chaw nrov heev uas koj tuaj yeem nrhiav tau ntau yam ntaub ntawv kawm. Feem ntau, cov hauv paus ntawm algorithmization thiab programming lus tam sim no xav tau vim tias tsis muaj cov tsim nyog tsim nyog, thiab lawv qhov tseem ceeb tsuas yog yuav loj hlob yav tom ntej.
Zoo kawg
Thaum ua hauj lwm nrog algorithms (thiab tom qab nrog cov kev pab cuam), ib tug yuav tsum siv zog los xav txog tag nrho cov ntsiab lus mus rau qhov tsawg tshaj plaws. Tom qab ntawd, kev txheeb xyuas ntawm txhua ntu tsis tau tsim tawm ntawm cov cai yuav tsuas yog ua rau kev ua haujlwm ntxiv, kev nce nqi hauv kev txhim kho thiab lub sijhawm ua haujlwm. Ua tib zoo npaj thiab piav qhia tag nrho cov nuances yuav txuag lub sijhawm, kev siv zog thiab nyiaj txiag. Zoo, tam sim no lawv tuaj yeem hais tias tom qab nyeem tsab xov xwm no, koj muaj lub tswv yim txog lub hauv paus ntawm algorithmization thiab programming. Nws tsuas yog siv qhov kev paub no xwb. Yog muajmuaj siab xav kawm cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws ntxiv, Kuv tuaj yeem qhia phau ntawv "Fundamentals of Algorithmization and Programming" (Semakin, Shestakov) 2012.
