Tsis yog-hlau yog cov ntsiab lus sib txawv hauv lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg los ntawm cov hlau. Qhov laj thawj rau lawv qhov sib txawv tuaj yeem piav qhia meej tsuas yog thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, tom qab kev tshawb pom ntawm cov qauv hluav taws xob ntawm lub atom. Dab tsi yog qhov peculiarity ntawm non-metals? Dab tsi zoo yog yam ntxwv ntawm lawv hnub? Cia peb kawm.
Non-metals - yog dab tsi?
Txoj hauv kev los cais cov ntsiab lus rau hauv cov hlau thiab cov hlau tsis yog hlau tau ntev nyob hauv zej zog kev tshawb fawb. Thawj cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm lub sij hawm ntawm Mendeleev feem ntau muaj xws li 94 ntsiab. Mendeleev's non-metals suav nrog 22 yam. Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm lub sij hawm, lawv nyob rau sab xis ces kaum.
Hauv daim ntawv dawb, cov hlau tsis yog hlau yog cov khoom yooj yim, lub ntsiab feature ntawm uas yog qhov tsis muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom siv hlau. Lawv tuaj yeem nyob hauv txhua lub xeev ntawm kev sib sau. Yog li, iodine, phosphorus, sulfur, carbon yog pom nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov khoom. Lub xeev gaseous yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm oxygen, nitrogen, fluorine, thiab lwm yam. Tsuas yog bromine yog kua.
Hauv qhov xwm txheej, cov khoom tsis yog hlau tuaj yeem muaj nyob hauv ob qho tib si hauv cov khoom yooj yim thiab hauv daim ntawvkev sib txuas. Sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen yog pom nyob rau hauv daim ntawv unbound. Hauv cov tebchaw, lawv tsim borates, phosphates, thiab lwm yam. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no, lawv muaj nyob rau hauv minerals, dej, pob zeb.
Sib txawv ntawm cov hlau
Tsis yog-hlau yog cov khoom sib txawv ntawm cov hlau hauv qhov tsos, qauv thiab cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg. Lawv muaj ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm unpaired electrons nyob rau sab nrauv, uas txhais tau hais tias lawv muaj zog nyob rau hauv oxidative tshua thiab yooj yim dua ntxiv electrons rau lawv tus kheej.
Tus yam ntxwv sib txawv ntawm cov ntsiab lus tau pom nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm cov siv lead ua lattice. Hauv cov hlau, nws yog xim hlau. Hauv cov hlau tsis yog hlau, nws tuaj yeem yog ob hom: atomic thiab molecular. Lub atomic lattice muab cov khoom hardness thiab ua rau lub melting point; nws yog yam ntxwv ntawm silicon, boron, thiab germanium. Cov tshuaj chlorine, sulfur, oxygen muaj molecular lattice. Nws muab lawv volatility thiab hardness me ntsis.
Cov qauv sab hauv ntawm cov khoom txiav txim siab lawv lub cev. Cov hlau muaj cov yam ntxwv luster, zoo conductivity ntawm tam sim no thiab cua sov. Lawv yog cov tawv, ductile, malleable, thiab muaj ntau yam xim (dub, ntxoov grey, tej zaum daj).
Tsis yog-hlau yog kua, gaseous los yog cov khoom uas tsis muaj brilliance thiab malleability. Lawv cov xim sib txawv heev thiab tuaj yeem yog xim liab, dub, grey, daj, thiab lwm yam. Yuav luag txhua yam tsis yog hlau yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsis zoo (tshwj tsis yog carbon) thiab cua sov (tshwj tsis yog dub phosphorus thiab carbon).
tshuaj lom neeg ntawm nonmetals
Hauv tshuaj tiv thaiv, tsis yog hlau tuaj yeemua raws li ob qho tib si oxidizing thiab txo cov neeg ua haujlwm. Thaum sib cuam tshuam nrog cov hlau, lawv coj cov electrons, yog li nthuav tawm cov khoom oxidizing.
Kev sib cuam tshuam nrog lwm yam tsis yog hlau, lawv coj txawv txawv. Hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo li no, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsawg dua ua tus neeg sawv cev txo qis, thaum lub caij electronegative ntau ua raws li tus neeg sawv cev oxidizing.
Nrog cov pa, yuav luag tag nrho (tshwj tsis yog cov tshuaj fluorine) cov hlau tsis muaj hlau ua raws li cov neeg ua haujlwm txo qis. Thaum sib cuam tshuam nrog hydrogen, ntau yog oxidizing cov neeg ua haujlwm, tom qab tsim cov tshuaj tsis haum.
Qee yam tsis yog hlau muaj peev xwm tsim tau ob peb yam yooj yim los yog hloov kho. Qhov tshwm sim no hu ua allotropy. Piv txwv li, carbon muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm graphite, pob zeb diamond, carbine, thiab lwm yam kev hloov kho. Oxygen muaj ob ntawm lawv - ozone thiab oxygen nws tus kheej. Phosphorus tuaj nyob rau hauv liab, dub, dawb thiab nws yog xim hlau.
Nonmetals in nature
Nonmetals muaj nyob txhua qhov chaw sib txawv. Lawv yog ib feem ntawm lub ntiaj teb crust, yog ib feem ntawm cov huab cua, hydrosphere, yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub ntug thiab nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj. Hauv qhov chaw sab nrauv, feem ntau yog hydrogen thiab helium.
Nyob hauv ntiaj teb, qhov xwm txheej txawv heev. Cov khoom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub ntiaj teb pob zeb yog oxygen thiab silicon. Lawv tsim ntau dua 75% ntawm nws qhov hnyav. Tab sis qhov tsawg tshaj plaws poob rau iodine thiab bromine.
Hauv cov dej hiav txwv, cov pa oxygen rau 85.80%, thiab hydrogen - 10.67%. Nws muaj pes tsawg leeg kuj suav nrog chlorine, sulfur, boron, bromine, carbon,fluorine thiab silicon. Nitrogen (78%) thiab oxygen (21%) yog cov nyob hauv cov huab cua.
Tsis yog hlau xws li carbon, hydrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, oxygen thiab nitrogen yog cov organic tseem ceeb. Lawv txhawb nqa txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm txhua tus neeg nyob hauv peb lub ntiaj teb, suav nrog tib neeg.
