Ib qho tshuaj lom neeg feem ntau suav nrog hauv feem ntau ntawm cov tshuaj yog oxygen. Oxides, acids, bases, alcohols, phenols thiab lwm yam oxygen-muaj cov tebchaw yog kawm nyob rau hauv chav kawm ntawm inorganic thiab organic chemistry. Hauv peb tsab xov xwm, peb yuav kawm txog cov khoom, nrog rau muab piv txwv ntawm lawv daim ntawv thov hauv kev lag luam, kev ua liaj ua teb thiab tshuaj.
Oxides
Qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws hauv cov qauv yog binary compounds ntawm cov hlau thiab tsis yog hlau nrog oxygen. Kev faib tawm ntawm oxides suav nrog cov pawg hauv qab no: acidic, yooj yim, amphoteric thiab indifferent. Lub hauv paus tseem ceeb rau kev faib tawm ntawm tag nrho cov khoom no yog cov khoom sib txuas nrog oxygen. Yog tias nws yog hlau, ces lawv yog qhov yooj yim. Piv txwv li: CuO, MgO, Na2O - oxides ntawm tooj liab, magnesium, sodium. Lawv cov cuab yeej tshuaj tseem ceeb yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv acids. Yog li, tooj liab oxide reacts nrog chloride acid:
CuO + 2HCl -> CuCl2 + H2O +63.3 kJ.
Qhov muaj cov atoms ntawm cov khoom tsis yog xim hlau hauv cov molecules ntawm binary compounds qhia tias lawv muaj cov kua qaub oxides, piv txwv li, hydrogen oxide H2O, carbon dioxide CO 2, phosphorus pentoxide P2O5. Lub peev xwm ntawm cov tshuaj no los teb rau alkalis yog lawv cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov tshuaj.
Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, ntsev ntawm ob hom tuaj yeem tsim: acidic lossis nruab nrab. Qhov no yuav nyob ntawm seb muaj pes tsawg moles ntawm alkali react:
- CO2 + KOH=> KHCO3;
- CO2+ 2KOH=> K2CO3 + H2O.
Lwm pab pawg ntawm cov pa oxygen, uas suav nrog cov tshuaj xws li zinc lossis txhuas, raug xa mus rau amphoteric oxides. Nyob rau hauv lawv cov khoom, muaj ib tug nyiam rau tshuaj lom neeg kev sib raug zoo nrog ob qho tib si acids thiab alkalis. Cov khoom ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov kua qaub oxides nrog dej yog cov kua qaub. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm sulfuric anhydride thiab dej, sulfate acid yog tsim. Acids yog ib chav kawm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas muaj cov pa oxygen.
Acids thiab lawv cov khoom
Cov tshuaj muaj xws li hydrogen atoms txuam nrog complex ions ntawm acid residues yog cov kua qaub. Conventionally, lawv tuaj yeem muab faib ua inorganic, piv txwv li, carbonic acid, sulfate, nitrate, thiab organic compounds. Cov tom kawg muaj xws li acetic acid, formic, oleic acids. Ob pawg ntawm cov tshuaj muaj cov khoom zoo sib xws. Yog li, lawv nkag mus rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv neutralization nrog cov hauv paus, hnov mob nrog ntsev thiabyooj yim oxides. Yuav luag tag nrho cov pa oxygen uas muaj cov kua qaub hauv cov tshuaj aqueous dissociate rau hauv ions, ua cov khoom ntawm hom thib ob. Nws yog ib qho ua tau los txiav txim siab qhov acidic ntawm lawv ib puag ncig, vim muaj ntau dhau ntawm hydrogen ions, siv cov ntsuas. Piv txwv li, ntshav litmus hloov liab thaum ntxiv rau cov kua qaub. Ib tug neeg sawv cev ntawm cov organic tebchaw yog acetic acid uas muaj ib pawg carboxyl. Nws suav nrog hydrogen atom, uas txiav txim siab acidic zog ntawm cov khoom. Nws yog cov kua xim tsis muaj xim nrog cov ntxhiab tsw tshwj xeeb, crystallizing ntawm qhov kub qis dua 17 ° C. CH3COOH, zoo li lwm cov acids uas muaj cov pa oxygen, zoo heev soluble hauv dej hauv txhua qhov proportions. Nws 3 - 5% tshuaj yog paub nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm vinegar, uas yog siv nyob rau hauv ua noj ua haus raws li ib tug seasoning. Cov tshuaj no kuj pom nws siv nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov acetate txhob lo lo ntxhuav, dyes, yas thiab ib co tshuaj.
Cov tshuaj organic uas muaj oxygen
Hauv chemistry, ib tus tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm pawg loj ntawm cov khoom uas muaj, ntxiv rau carbon thiab hydrogen, kuj muaj cov pa oxygen. Cov no yog carboxylic acids, esters, aldehydes, cawv thiab phenols. Tag nrho lawv cov khoom siv tshuaj yog txiav txim los ntawm qhov muaj nyob hauv cov molecules ntawm cov complexes tshwj xeeb - pab pawg ua haujlwm. Piv txwv li, cov qauv tshuaj ntawm cov cawv uas tsuas yog txwv kev sib txuas ntawm cov atoms yog ROH, qhov twg R yog hydrocarbon radical. Cov tebchaw no feem ntau suav tias yog derivatives ntawm alkanes, nyob rau hauv qhov twgcov hydrogen atom hloov los ntawm pawg hydroxo.
Lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cawv
Lub xeev ntawm cawv yog cov kua lossis cov khoom sib txuas. Tsis muaj cov tshuaj gaseous ntawm cov cawv, uas tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm kev tsim cov koom haum - cov pab pawg uas muaj ntau lub molecules txuas los ntawm cov nyiaj tsis muaj zog hydrogen. Qhov tseeb no kuj txiav txim siab qhov zoo solubility ntawm qis cawv hauv dej. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv cov kev daws teeb meem, cov pa oxygen uas muaj cov organic - cawv, tsis txhob cuam tshuam rau hauv ions, tsis txhob hloov cov xim ntawm cov ntsuas, uas yog, lawv muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nruab nrab. Lub hydrogen atom ntawm pab pawg neeg ua haujlwm tsis muaj zog ua rau lwm cov khoom sib txuas, yog li ntawd, hauv kev sib cuam tshuam tshuaj lom neeg, nws muaj peev xwm tawm ntawm cov molecule. Nyob rau tib qhov chaw ntawm dawb valence, nws yog hloov los ntawm lwm yam atoms, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog active hlau los yog nrog alkalis - los ntawm hlau atoms. Nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm catalysts xws li platinum mesh los yog tooj liab, cawv yog oxidized los ntawm lub zog oxidizing agents, poov tshuaj bichromate los yog poov tshuaj permanganate, rau aldehydes.
kev xav tsis thoob
Ib qho ntawm cov tshuaj tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov pa oxygen uas muaj cov organic: cawv thiab acids yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ua rau tsim cov esters. Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab siv hauv kev lag luam rau kev rho tawm ntawm esters siv los ua cov kuab tshuaj hauv kev lag luam khoom noj (hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo essences). Hauv cov tshuaj, qee cov esters tau siv los ua cov tshuaj antispasmodics, piv txwv li, ethyl nitrite dilates peripheral hlab ntsha, thiabisoamyl nitrite yog ib qho kev tiv thaiv ntawm coronary artery spasms. Qhov sib npaug ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv esterification yog raws li hauv qab no:
CH3COOH+C2H5OHCH3COOC2H5+H2O
Nyob hauv, CH3COOH yog acetic acid, thiab C2H5OH yog cov tshuaj formula ntawm cawv ethanol.
Aldehydes
Yog tias ib qho chaw muaj -COH ua haujlwm pab pawg, ces nws yog aldehydes. Lawv tau nthuav tawm raws li cov khoom ntawm oxidation ntxiv ntawm cawv, piv txwv li, nrog cov oxidizing cov neeg ua haujlwm xws li tooj liab oxide.
Qhov muaj cov carbonyl complex nyob rau hauv cov molecules ntawm formic los yog acetaldehyde txiav txim lawv lub peev xwm los polymerize thiab txuas atoms ntawm lwm yam tshuaj. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo uas tuaj yeem siv los ua pov thawj pom muaj cov pab pawg carbonyl thiab cov khoom ntawm aldehydes yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv iav nyiaj thiab kev cuam tshuam nrog tooj liab hydroxide thaum rhuab:
Acetaldehyde, uas yog siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam los tsim acetic acid, tau txais kev siv loj tshaj plaws - ib tug loj tonnage khoom ntawm organic synthesis.
Cov khoom ntawm oxygen-muaj cov organic tebchaw - carboxylic acids
Lub xub ntiag ntawm pawg carboxyl - ib lossis ntau dua - yog lub cim ntawm carboxylic acids. Vim yog cov qauv ntawm pawg ua haujlwm, dimers tuaj yeem tsim hauv cov kua qaub. Lawv txuas ua ke los ntawm hydrogen bonds. Cov tebchaw dissociate rau hauv hydrogen cations thiab acid residue anions thiab tsis muaj zog electrolytes. Ib qho kev zam yog thawj tus neeg sawv cev ntawm cov kev txwv ntaumonobasic acids - formic, los yog methane, uas yog ib tug conductor ntawm lub thib ob hom ntawm nruab nrab lub zog. Lub xub ntiag ntawm tsuas yog sigma daim ntawv cog lus yooj yim hauv cov molecules qhia qhov txwv, tab sis yog tias cov khoom muaj ob npaug pi daim ntawv cog lus hauv lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg, cov no yog cov khoom tsis txaus ntseeg. Thawj pab pawg muaj xws li cov kua qaub xws li methane, acetic, butyric. Qhov thib ob yog sawv cev los ntawm cov tebchaw uas yog ib feem ntawm cov kua roj - roj, piv txwv li, oleic acid. Cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov tebchaw uas muaj oxygen: cov organic thiab inorganic acids zoo sib xws. Yog li, lawv tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog cov hlau nquag, lawv cov oxides, nrog alkalis, thiab nrog rau cawv. Piv txwv li, acetic acid reacts nrog sodium, oxide thiab caustic soda los ua ntsev - sodium acetate:
NaOH + CH3COOH → NaCH3COO + H2O
Ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb yog nyob los ntawm cov tebchaw ntawm ntau dua carboxylic oxygen-muaj cov kua qaub: stearic thiab palmitic, nrog trihydric saturated cawv - glycerin. Lawv yog cov esters thiab hu ua rog. Tib cov kua qaub yog ib feem ntawm sodium thiab poov tshuaj ntsev raws li ib qho acidic residue, tsim xab npum.
Cov tshuaj organic tseem ceeb uas tau muab faib rau hauv cov tsiaj qus thiab ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb vim tias cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntau tshaj plaws yog cov rog. Lawv tsis yog ib qho sib xyaw ua ke, tab sis sib xyaw ntawm heterogeneous glycerides. Cov no yog cov tebchaw ntawm kev txwv cov dej cawv polyhydric - glycerin, uas, zoo li methanol thiab phenol, muaj cov pab pawg ua haujlwm hydroxyl. Cov rog tuaj yeem ua rau hydrolyzedcua sov nrog dej nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm catalysts: alkalis, acids, oxides ntawm zinc, magnesium. Cov khoom ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav yog glycerol thiab ntau yam carboxylic acids, ntxiv rau kev tsim cov xab npum. Txhawm rau kom tsis txhob siv cov roj ntsha uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv cov txheej txheem no, qhov tsim nyog carboxylic acids tau txais los ntawm oxidizing paraffin.
Phenols
Tom los nrog cov chav kawm ntawm cov pa oxygen-muaj cov sib txuas, cia peb tsom mus rau phenols. Lawv sawv cev los ntawm phenyl radical -C6H5, txuas rau ib lossis ntau pawg hydroxyl. Cov neeg sawv cev yooj yim tshaj plaws ntawm chav kawm no yog carbolic acid, lossis phenol. Raws li cov kua qaub tsis muaj zog, nws tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog alkalis thiab cov hlau nquag - sodium, potassium. Ib yam khoom uas hais tau cov kab mob bactericidal - phenol yog siv hauv tshuaj, nrog rau kev tsim cov dyes thiab phenol-formaldehyde resins.
Hauv peb tsab xov xwm, peb tau kawm cov chav kawm tseem ceeb ntawm cov pa oxygen uas muaj cov tshuaj sib txuas, thiab tseem suav tias lawv cov khoom siv tshuaj.
