roob hluav taws yog dab tsi? Cov kwj dej kub ntawm molten lava sloshing tawm ntawm lub plab hnyuv ntawm lub ntiaj teb, thiab tib lub sij hawm huab ntawm tshauv, kub chav. Cov spectacle, ntawm chav kawm, yog breathtaking, tab sis nws tuaj qhov twg? Dab tsi yog qhov loj tshaj plaws volcanoes nyob rau hauv peb ntiaj chaw? Lawv nyob qhov twg?
Keeb kwm thiab ntau yam ntawm volcanoes
Nyob rau hauv txheej tuab ntawm lub ntiaj teb crust yog magma - cov khoom molten ntawm qhov kub thiab txias heev. Magma muaj cov ntxhia, dej vaporous thiab gases. Thaum lub siab siab dhau lawm, cov gases thawb lub magma nce mus los ntawm cov ntsiab lus tsis muaj zog hauv lub ntiaj teb crust. Cov txheej saum npoo ntawm lub ntiaj teb nce hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub roob, thiab thaum kawg magma tawg tawm.
Erupting magma hu ua lava, thiab lub roob siab nrog lub qhov hu ua lub roob hluav taws. Lub eruption yog nrog los ntawm emissions ntawm tshauv thiab chav. Lava txav ntawm qhov ceev tshaj 40 km / h, nrog rau qhov kub txog li 1000 degrees Celsius. Nyob ntawm qhov xwm txheej ntawm qhov tawg thiab nrog cov xwm txheej, volcanoes tau muab faib ua ntau hom. Piv txwv li, Hawaiian, Plinian, Peleian thiab lwm yam.
poThaum nws ntws tawm, lava solidifies thiab tsim nyob rau hauv cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg, tsim cov duab ntawm lub roob hluav taws. Yog li, muaj volcanoes ntawm lub khob hliav qab, maj mam, domed, stratified los yog txheej, nrog rau cov duab complex. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv tau muab faib ua active, dormant thiab ploj mus nyob ntawm seb qhov kev ua ntawm kev tawg.
Lub roob hluav taws loj ntawm lub ntiaj teb
Muaj kwv yees li 540 lub roob hluav taws kub thoob plaws ntiaj teb, tus naj npawb ntawm cov uas ploj lawm tseem ntau dua. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog nyob rau hauv Pacific, East African, Mediterranean fold zones. Cov haujlwm loj tshaj plaws tau tshwm sim hauv thaj tsam ntawm South thiab Central America, Kamchatka, Nyiv, Aleutian Islands, thiab Iceland.
Tsuas yog nyob hauv Pacific txoj siv sia muaj 330 lub roob hluav taws kub. Cov roob hluav taws loj nyob hauv Andes, ntawm cov Islands tuaj Asia. Hauv Africa, qhov siab tshaj plaws yog Kilimanjaro, nyob hauv Tanzania. Qhov no yog lub roob hluav taws uas muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj zog tuaj yeem sawv thaum twg los tau. Nws qhov siab yog 5895 meters.
Ob lub ntiaj teb lub roob hluav taws loj nyob hauv thaj chaw ntawm Chile thiab Argentina. Lawv suav hais tias yog qhov siab tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Ojos del Salado yog dormant, tau tawg nyob rau hauv 700 AD, txawm hais tias qee zaus nws tso dej vapor thiab leej faj. Argentine Llullaillaco suav hais tias yog nquag, lub sijhawm kawg nws tau tawg tsuas yog xyoo 1877.
Lub ntiaj teb cov roob hluav taws loj tshaj plaws tau nthuav tawm hauv lub rooj.
| Npe | Qhov chaw | siab, m | Yeej tawg rog |
| Ojos del Salado | Andes, Chile | 6887 | 700 |
| Lllullaillaco | Andes, Argentina | 6739 | 1877 |
| San Pedro | Andes, Chile | 6145 | 1960 |
| Catopahi | Andes, Ecuador | 5897 | 2015 |
| Kilimanjaro | Tanzania, Africa | 5895 | Tsis paub |
| Andes, Peru | 5822 | 1985 | |
| Orisaba | Cordillera, Mexico | 5675 | 1846 |
| Elbrus | roob Caucasus, Russia | 5642 | 50 |
| popocatepetl | Cordillera, Mexico | 5426 | 2015 |
| Sangai | Andes, Ecuador | 5230 | 2012 |
Pacific Ring of Fire
Cov dej hiav txwv Pacific zais peb daim phiaj lithospheric. Lawv cov ntug sab nrauv mus nyob rau hauv daim phiaj lithospheric ntawm cov teb chaws. Raws li tag nrho cov perimeter ntawm cov pob qij txha no nyobPacific Ring of Fire - cov roob hluav taws me thiab loj, feem ntau yog cov nquag.
Lub nplhaib hluav taws pib los ntawm Antarctica, hla New Zealand, Philippine Islands, Nyiv, Kuriles, Kamchatka, ncav cuag tag nrho cov ntug dej hiav txwv Pacific ntawm North thiab South America. Hauv qee qhov chaw, lub nplhaib tawg, xws li ze Vancouver Island thiab California.
Cov roob hluav taws loj ntawm txoj siv Pacific yog nyob hauv Andes (Orizabo, San Pedro, Misti, Cotopaxi), Sumatra (Kerinchi), Ross Island (Erebus), Java (Semeru). Ib qho ntawm cov nto moo tshaj plaws - Fujiyama - nyob rau ntawm cov kob ntawm Honshu. Krakatoa roob hluav taws nyob hauv Sunda Strait.
Lub Hawaiian Islands archipelago yog lub hauv paus chiv keeb volcanic. Lub roob hluav taws loj tshaj plaws yog Mauna Loa nrog qhov siab ntawm 4169 meters. Hais txog qhov siab txheeb ze, lub roob hla Everest thiab suav tias yog lub ncov siab tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, tus nqi no yog 10,168 meters.
siv Mediterranean
Cov cheeb tsam roob ntawm Northwest Africa, sab qab teb Europe, Mediterranean, Caucasus, Asia Minor, Indochina, Tibet, Indonesia thiab Himalayas ua rau Mediterranean Fold Belt. Cov txheej txheem geological nquag tau tshwm sim ntawm no, ib qho ntawm qhov tshwm sim uas yog volcanism.
Lub roob hluav taws loj tshaj plaws ntawm txoj siv Mediterranean yog Vesuvius, Santorin (Aegean Hiav Txwv) thiab Etna hauv ltalis, Elbrus thiab Kazbek hauv Caucasus, Ararat hauv Turkey. Italian Vesuvius muaj peb lub ncov. Lub nroog raug kev txom nyem los ntawm nws qhov hluav taws kub tawg nyob rau hauv thawj xyoo pua ADHerculaneum, Pompeii, Stabia, Oplontia. Hauv kev nco txog qhov xwm txheej no, Karl Bryullov tau pleev xim rau cov duab nto moo "Hnub Kawg ntawm Pompeii".
Lub stratovolcano Ararat yog qhov chaw siab tshaj plaws hauv Qaib Cov Txwv thiab Armenian Highlands. Nws qhov kawg tawg tau tshwm sim hauv 1840. Nws tau nrog av qeeg uas ua rau tag nrho lub zos nyob sib ze thiab lub tsev teev ntuj. Ararat, zoo li tus Caucasian Kazbek, muaj ob lub ncov, uas tau sib cais los ntawm lub eeb.
Lub roob hluav taws loj ntawm Russia (cov npe)
Ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Lavxias Federation, volcanoes nyob hauv Kuriles, Kamchatka, Caucasus thiab Transbaikalia. Lawv tsim txog li 8.5% ntawm tag nrho cov roob hluav taws hauv ntiaj teb. Ntau tus ntawm lawv raug suav hais tias ploj mus, txawm hais tias qhov tshwm sim tam sim ntawm Bezymyanny xyoo 1956 thiab Academy of Sciences xyoo 1997 tau ua pov thawj qhov sib txheeb ntawm lo lus no.
Cov roob hluav taws loj tshaj plaws nyob hauv Kamchatka thiab Kuril Islands. Qhov siab tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv tag nrho ntawm Eurasia (ntawm cov uas twb muaj lawm) yog Klyuchevskaya Sopka (4835 meters). Nws qhov kev tawg zaum kawg tau sau tseg hauv 2013. Muaj cov roob hluav taws me me hauv Primorsky thiab Khabarovsk Territories. Piv txwv li, qhov siab ntawm Baranovsky yog 160 meters. Berg (2005), Ebeko (2010), Chikurachki (2008), Kizimen (2013) thiab lwm tus tau ua haujlwm ntau xyoo dhau los.
Lub roob hluav taws loj tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Russia tau nthuav tawm hauv lub rooj.
| Npe | Qhov chaw | siab, m | Yeej tawg rog |
| Elbrus | Caucasus | 5642 | 50 |
| Kazbek | Caucasus | 5033 | 650 BC e. |
| Klyuchevskaya Sopka | Kamchatsky Krai | 4835 | 2013 |
| pob zeb | Kamchatsky Krai | 4585 | Tsis paub |
| Ushkovsky | Kamchatsky Krai | 3943 | 1890 |
| Tolbachik | Kamchatsky Krai | 3682 | 2012 |
| Ichinskaya Sopka | Kamchatsky Krai | 3621 | 1740 |
| Kronotskaya Sopka | Kamchatsky Krai | 3528 | 1923 |
| Shiveluuch | Kamchatsky Krai | 3307 | 2014 |
| YZhupanovskaya Sopka | Kamchatsky Krai | 2923 | 2014 |
Zoo kawg
Lub roob hluav taws yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov txheej txheem nquag uas tshwm sim hauv peb lub ntiaj teb. Lawv tsim nyob rau hauv qhov kub ntawm lub ntiaj teb crust, qhov twg lub crust tsiswithstands siab thiab kub. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub roob hluav taws kub hnyiab tuaj yeem ua rau mob hnyav heev, vim tias lawv tau nrog cov pa taws, pa taws, thiab sulfur mus rau hauv qhov chaw.
Cov xwm txheej sib xws ntawm kev tawg yog feem ntau av qeeg thiab ua txhaum. Lub lava ntws muaj qhov kub thiab txias uas tam sim ntawd cuam tshuam rau cov kab mob lom.
Txawm li cas los xij, ntxiv rau qhov cuam tshuam rau kev puas tsuaj, volcanoes kuj muaj qhov cuam tshuam. Lava uas tsis tau tuaj rau saum npoo tuaj yeem nqa cov pob zeb sedimentary los ua roob. Thiab cov kob ntawm Surtsey tau dhau los ua qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov tawg ntawm lub roob hluav taws hauv qab dej hauv Iceland.
