Acetone yog dab tsi? Qhov sib xyaw ntawm cov organic compound no yog raws li nram no: peb carbon atoms, rau hydrogen atoms, ib tug oxygen atom. Cia peb txheeb xyuas lub ntsiab ntawm lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw no, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev npaj, thiab tseem xav txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm nws daim ntawv thov.
Quick reference
Acetone, muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov khoom uas peb yuav xav txog ntau yam, yog cov organic, cov neeg sawv cev yooj yim tshaj plaws ntawm saturated carbonyl compounds - ketones. Txhais los ntawm Latin, nws txhais tau tias - vinegar. Yav dhau los, acetone, muaj pes tsawg leeg uas tseem tsis tau kawm, tau tsim los ntawm acetates, thiab cov ketone tiav yog cov khoom siv rau kev tsim cov glacial acetic acid.
Nws tsis yog txog rau thaum nruab nrab xyoo pua kaum cuaj uas tus kws tshuaj German Leopold Gmelin tau qhia lo lus "acetone" rau hauv cov lus tshawb fawb.
Discovery keeb kwm
Acetone, uas nws muaj pes tsawg leeg tau kawm tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19 los ntawm Jeannot-Baptiste Dumas thiab Justus von Liebig, thawj zaugtswj kom qhib Andreas Libavius thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th. Cov tshuaj tau tsim nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm qhuav distillation ntawm ntsev - lead acetate.
Txog thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, tus neeg sawv cev ntawm ketones tau los ntawm cov ntoo coking.
Thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib 1, acetone, uas nws muaj pes tsawg leeg tam sim no paub txawm tias cov menyuam kawm ntawv, tau pib tsim ua lwm txoj hauv kev.
Lub cev muaj zog
Acetone yog cov kua tsis muaj xim tsis muaj suab nrov nrog cov ntxhiab tsw. Cov organic compound no yog pub dawb nrog dej, benzene, diethyl ether, methanol, thiab esters. Nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub, yuav luag txhua leej txhua tus siv cov kuab tshuaj - acetone, muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm uas yog xam raws li ib feem ntawm cov organic chemistry.
tshuaj muaj zog
Ib qho ntawm cov ketones reactive tshaj plaws yog acetone. Cov mis thiab cov khoom ntawm cov organic compound no suav nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm carbonyl compounds. Hauv ib puag ncig alkaline, nws cuam tshuam hauv aldol tus kheej condensation, cov khoom siv tshuaj tiv thaiv yog diacetone cawv.
Raws li cov zinc, cov ketone no txo qis rau pinacon. Pyrolysis tsim ketene. Zoo li txhua yam organic compound, acetone hlawv nyob rau hauv cov pa oxygen los tsim carbon dioxide thiab dej vapor. Cov txheej txheem yog exothermic, nrog rau kev tso tawm ntawm ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm tshav kub.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo rau qhov sib xyaw no yog kev sib cuam tshuam hauv nruab nrab alkaline nrog sodium nitroprusside. Nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm acetone,xim liab khaus uas hloov liab-violet thaum koj ntxiv acetic acid rau cov tshuaj.
Cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm acetone (muaj ob daim ntawv cog lus ntawm oxygen thiab carbon atom) piav qhia qhov tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm cov organic compound no nkag mus rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv oxidation nrog cov tshuaj ammonia ntawm cov nyiaj oxide thiab cov khoom tshiab uas tau npaj tooj liab hydroxide (2).
Kev tsim cov dimethyl ketone
Tam sim no, lub ntiaj teb tsim tawm txog 6.9 lab tons ntawm acetone hauv ib xyoos. Cov kws tshuaj ntsuam xyuas pom qhov nce tsis tu ncua ntawm cov neeg siv khoom xav tau rau cov ketone no, vim tias cov kws tshuaj ntsuam xyuas tau tsim cov kev xaiv tshiab rau nws cov khoom siv nyiaj txiag. Ntawm qhov ntsuas kev lag luam, dimethyl ketone tau txais los ntawm propene ncaj qha lossis tsis ncaj. Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem cumene, acetone yog ib yam khoom zoo sib xws los ntawm phenol benzene. Muaj peb theem ntawm qhov kev tsim khoom no. Ua ntej, benzene yog alkylated nrog propene, thiab cumene yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Hauv theem thib ob thiab thib peb, nws yog oxidized los ntawm atmospheric oxygen rau hydroperoxide. Nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig acidic, cov compound no decomposes rau hauv acetone thiab phenol.
Qhov thib ob kev lag luam thev naus laus zis rau kev tsim cov acetone yog raws li catalytic vapor theem oxidation ntawm isopropanol. Direct oxidation nyob rau hauv cov kua theem ntawm propene nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug catalyst (palladium chloride) kuj tsim acetone.
Ntawm cov txheej txheem uas tsis haum rau cov khoom lag luam vim qhov tsis muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm cov khoom lag luam, peb nco ntsoov cov fermentation ntawm cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab nyob rau hauv cov kab mob.
Applications
Acetone feem ntau yog siv los ua cov kuab tshuaj. Cov khoom no zoo kawg nkaus degreases qhov chaw, dissolves chlorinated roj hmab, epoxy resins, polystyrene, thiab ntau yam organic tshuaj. Nws yog cov ketone no uas yog siv los ua kom yaj nitrates thiab cellulose.
Hauv kev lag luam kws tshuaj, cov khoom siv yog siv los ua cov khoom siv tseem ceeb rau kev sib txuas ntawm methyl methacrylate, mesityl oxide, acetone cyanohydrin, acetic anhydride, diacetone cawv.
Cov organic oxygen-muaj cov khoom sib xyaw no yog tus neeg sawv cev zoo tshaj plaws rau tshem cov roj seem ntawm qhov chaw. Nyob rau hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab, acetone yog siv los yaj ntau yam kua roj vanish thiab primers. Tam sim no, tus neeg sawv cev ntawm cov chav kawm ketone no tsis yog tsuas yog siv los ua cov kuab tshuaj zoo heev, tab sis kuj yog cov khoom siv pib rau kev lag luam synthesis ntawm polyurethanes, epoxy resins, polycarbonates, thiab cov khoom tawg. Nws tseem yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev khaws cia ntawm acetylene, txij li cov alkyne no muaj kev tawg ntau ntxiv, nws tsis tuaj yeem tso rau hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab. Acetylene muab tso rau hauv cov thawv tshwj xeeb uas muaj cov khoom ntxeem tau impregnated nrog dimethyl ketone.
Ntawm qhov tseeb nthuav txog kev siv acetone, peb nco ntsoov qhov kev npaj nrog nws kev koom tes ntawm cov chav da dej txias tov nrog kua ammonia thiab "cov dej khov qhuav".
Hauv cov chaw tshawb fawb, dimethyl ketone, uas yog thawj tus neeg sawv cev ntawm chav kawm, yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev ntxuav cov tais diav qias neeg. Yog vim li cas rau qhov qub siv ntawm acetone yog nws negligibletoxicity, zoo heev volatility, zoo heev solubility nyob rau hauv dej. Nrog kev pab los ntawm acetone, koj tuaj yeem qhuav cov tais diav sai sai thiab qhuav inorganic qis-active compounds uas tsis nkag mus rau hauv tshuaj lom neeg nrog nws.
Txhawm rau ntxuav cov ketone no hauv chav kuaj, nws yog distilled nrog me me ntawm poov tshuaj permanganate.
Koj tuaj yeem kuaj pom muaj acetone hauv kev sib xyaw ntawm cov organic sib txuas los ntawm kev cuam tshuam nrog kev daws teeb meem ntawm furfural, sodium nitroprusside, iodine.
