Txhua yam nyob ib puag ncig peb ntawm lub ntiaj teb muaj cov khoom me me, tsis yooj yim. Electrons yog ib tug ntawm lawv. Lawv qhov kev tshawb pom tau tshwm sim tsis ntev los no. Thiab nws tau qhib cov tswv yim tshiab txog cov qauv ntawm lub atom, cov txheej txheem rau kev xa hluav taws xob thiab cov qauv ntawm lub ntiaj teb tag nrho.
Yuav ua li cas sib cais tsis sib cais
Nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus niaj hnub no, electrons yog elementary hais. Lawv yog ib qho tseem ceeb thiab tsis tawg rau hauv cov qauv me me. Tab sis lub tswv yim zoo li no tsis yog ib txwm muaj. Cov hluav taws xob tsis paub txog txog 1897.
Txawm tias cov neeg xav ntawm Ancient tim Nkij teb chaws kwv yees tias txhua yam hauv ntiaj teb, zoo li lub tsev, muaj ntau yam "cib". Tom qab ntawd lub atom tau suav hais tias yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws ntawm cov teeb meem, thiab qhov kev ntseeg no tau nyob mus ib txhis.
Kev xav ntawm lub atom hloov tsuas yog thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Tom qab cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm J. Thomson, E. Rutherford, H. Lorentz, P. Zeeman, atomic nuclei thiab electrons tau lees paub tias yog cov khoom me me uas tsis muaj qhov sib txawv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, protons, neutrons, thiab txawm tias tom qab ntawd - neutrinos, kaons, pi-mesons, thiab lwm yam.
Tam sim no kev tshawb fawb paub ntau tus lej ntawm theem pib, ntawm cov hluav taws xob tsis sib xws nyob hauv lawv qhov chaw.
Nkauj tawm tshiab
Thaum lub sijhawm tshawb pom electrons hauv lub atom, cov kws tshawb fawb tau paub ntev txog qhov muaj hluav taws xob thiab hlau nplaum. Tab sis qhov tseeb qhov tseeb thiab tag nrho cov khoom ntawm cov phenomena tseem nyob twj ywm tsis paub, nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm ntau physicists.
Tam sim no thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, nws tau paub tias kev nthuav tawm ntawm hluav taws xob hluav taws xob tshwm sim ntawm lub teeb nrawm. Txawm li cas los xij, tus neeg Askiv Askiv Joseph Thomson, ua kev sim nrog cathode rays, xaus lus tias lawv muaj ntau cov nplej me me, qhov loj ntawm qhov tsawg dua atomic.
Lub Plaub Hlis 1897, Thomson tau nthuav tawm, qhov uas nws tau nthuav tawm rau cov zej zog kev tshawb fawb txog kev yug los ntawm ib qho tshiab hauv lub atom, uas nws hu ua lub cev. Tom qab ntawd, Ernest Rutherford, nrog kev pab los ntawm kev sim nrog cov ntawv ci, tau lees paub qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm nws tus kws qhia ntawv, thiab cov corpuscles tau muab lub npe txawv - "electrons".
Qhov kev tshawb pom no tau txhawb nqa kev txhim kho tsis yog lub cev nkaus xwb tab sis kuj yog tshuaj lom neeg tshawb fawb. Nws tso cai rau kev vam meej hauv kev kawm txog hluav taws xob thiab hlau nplaum, cov khoom ntawm cov khoom, thiab tseem ua rau lub cev muaj zog nuclear.
electron yog dab tsi?
Electrons yog cov khoom sib sib zog nqus uas muaj hluav taws xob. Peb qhov kev paub ntawm lawv tseem muaj ntau qhov sib txawv thiab tsis tiav. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus niaj hnub no, lawv nyob mus ib txhis, txij li lawv yeej tsis lwj, tsis zoo li cov neutrons thiab protons (theoretical decay age of the theoretical decay age of the theoretical decay age of the theoretical decay age of the theoretical decay age of the theoretical decay age of the theoretical decay over the age of the Universe).
Electrons ruaj khov thiab muaj qhov tsis zoo mus tas li e=1.6 x 10-19Cl. Lawv zwm rau tsev neeg fermion thiab pawg lepton. Particles koom nrog hauv kev sib txuam tsis muaj zog electromagnetic thiab gravitational. Lawv pom nyob rau hauv atoms. Cov khoom uas tau poob kev sib cuag nrog atoms yog dawb electrons.
Qhov loj ntawm electrons yog 9.1 x 10-31 kg thiab yog 1836 npaug tsawg dua qhov loj ntawm ib qho proton. Lawv muaj ib nrab integer spin thiab magnetic moment. Ib tug electron yog denoted los ntawm tsab ntawv "e-". Nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev, tab sis nrog ib tug ntxiv kos npe rau, nws antagonist yog qhia - lub positron antiparticle.
Lub xeev ntawm electrons hauv ib lub atom
Thaum nws paub meej tias lub atom muaj cov qauv me me, nws yuav tsum nkag siab raws nraim li cas lawv tau teeb tsa hauv nws. Yog li ntawd, thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, thawj cov qauv ntawm lub atom tshwm sim. Raws li cov qauv Planetary, protons (zoo them) thiab neutrons (neutral) ua rau lub atomic nucleus. Thiab nyob ib ncig ntawm nws, electrons txav mus rau hauv elliptical orbits.
Cov tswv yim no hloov pauv nrog qhov tshwm sim ntawm quantum physics thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. Louis de Broglie tso rau pem hauv ntej txoj kev xav hais tias lub electron manifests nws tus kheej tsis yog raws li ib tug particle, tab sis kuj raws li ib tug nthwv dej. Erwin Schrödinger tsim cov qauv nthwv dej ntawm lub atom, qhov twg cov hluav taws xob sawv cev ua huab cua ntawm ib qho kev ceev nrog tus nqi.
Nws yuav luag tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab qhov chaw thiab kev coj ntawm electrons nyob ib ncig ntawm lub nucleus. Hauv qhov no, lub tswv yim tshwj xeeb ntawm "orbital" lossis "electron cloud" tau qhia, uas yog qhov chaw ntawm qhov chaw uas yuav tshwm sim tshaj plaws.npe particles.
Qib Zog
Muaj ntau npaum li cov hluav taws xob hauv huab nyob ib ncig ntawm lub atom vim tias muaj cov protons hauv nws cov nucleus. Tag nrho lawv nyob ntawm qhov sib txawv. Ze tshaj plaws rau lub nucleus yog cov electrons uas muaj lub zog tsawg tshaj plaws. Qhov ntau lub zog cov khoom muaj, qhov deb lawv tuaj yeem mus.
Tab sis lawv tsis tau teem caij random, tab sis tuav cov qib tshwj xeeb uas tuaj yeem ua raws li qee qhov ntawm cov khoom. Txhua qib muaj nws tus kheej lub zog thiab muab faib ua sublevels, thiab cov, nyob rau hauv lem, mus rau hauv orbitals.
Plaub tus lej quantum yog siv los piav qhia cov yam ntxwv thiab kev npaj ntawm electrons ntawm qib zog:
- n - tus lej tseem ceeb uas txiav txim siab lub zog ntawm cov hluav taws xob (suav nrog tus lej ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg);
- l - tus lej orbital uas piav qhia cov duab ntawm cov huab cua hluav taws xob (s - kheej kheej, p - yim duab, d - clover lossis ob npaug yim, f - duab geometric complex);
- m yog tus lej sib nqus uas txiav txim siab qhov kev taw qhia ntawm huab hauv thaj chaw sib nqus;
- ms yog tus lej spin uas qhia txog kev sib hloov ntawm cov hluav taws xob nyob ib puag ncig nws axis.
Zoo kawg
Yog li, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ruaj khov tsis zoo them cov khoom. Lawv yog cov elemental thiab tsis tuaj yeem lwj mus rau lwm cov khoom. Lawv raug cais raws li qhov tseem ceeb, uas yog, cov uas yog ib feem ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov teeb meem.
Electrons txav ncig atomic nuclei thiab tsim lawv lub plhaub hluav taws xob. Lawv cuam tshuam cov tshuaj, kho qhov muag,mechanical thiab magnetic zog ntawm ntau yam khoom. Cov khoom no koom nrog hauv electromagnetic thiab gravitational kev sib cuam tshuam. Lawv txoj kev taw qhia ua rau muaj hluav taws xob tam sim no thiab ib qho chaw sib nqus.
