Ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov hlau rau metallurgy yog manganese. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog feem ntau yog ib qho txawv txawv nrog uas nthuav qhov tseeb muaj feem xyuam. Ib qho tseem ceeb rau cov kab mob nyob, xav tau nyob rau hauv kev tsim khoom ntawm ntau alloys, tshuaj. Manganese yog cov khoom siv tshuaj, ib daim duab uas tuaj yeem pom hauv qab no. Nws yog nws cov khoom thiab cov yam ntxwv uas peb yuav xav txog hauv kab lus no.
yam ntxwv ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg
Yog hais tias peb tham txog manganese raws li lub caij nyoog ntawm lub caij nyoog, ces ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov peb yuav tsum characterize nws txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv nws.
- Nyob rau lub sijhawm thib plaub, pawg xya, pab pawg thib ob.
- Ordinal naj npawb - 25. Manganese yog ib yam tshuaj, tus nqi ntawm cov nuclei ntawm atoms uas yog +25. Tus naj npawb ntawm electrons yog tib yam, neutrons - 30.
- Tus nqi ntawm cov atomic loj yog 54, 938.
- Kev tsim cov tshuaj manganese - Mn.
- Latin lub npe - manganese.
Situated ntawm chromium thiab hlau, uas piav qhia nws qhov zoo sib xws nrog lawv hauv cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev thiab tshuaj.
Manganese - tshuaj lom neeg: hloov pauv hlau
Yog tias peb xav txog kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob ntawm qhov txo qis, ces nws cov qauv yuav zoo li: 1s22s22p 63s23p64s23d 5. Nws dhau los ua pom tseeb tias lub caij peb tab tom xav txog yog kev hloov pauv hlau los ntawm d-tsev neeg. Tsib electrons ntawm 3d sublevel qhia qhov ruaj khov ntawm lub atom, uas tau tshwm sim hauv nws cov khoom siv tshuaj.
Raws li cov hlau, manganese yog ib qho kev txo qis, tab sis feem ntau ntawm nws cov tebchaw muaj peev xwm nthuav tawm cov peev txheej muaj zog oxidizing. Qhov no yog vim qhov sib txawv oxidation xeev thiab valences uas lub caij no muaj. Nov yog qhov peculiarity ntawm tag nrho cov hlau ntawm tsev neeg no.
Yog li, manganese yog cov tshuaj lom neeg uas nyob ntawm lwm cov atoms thiab nws muaj nws tus yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb. Cia peb xav txog yam khoom no nyob rau hauv kom meej ntxiv.
Manganese yog cov tshuaj lom neeg. Oxidation xeev
Peb twb tau muab cov qauv hluav taws xob ntawm lub atom. Raws li nws, lub caij no muaj peev xwm nthuav tawm ntau lub xeev oxidation zoo. Nov yog:
- 0;
- +2;
- +3;
- +4;
- +6;
- +7.
Qhov valency ntawm atom yog IV. Qhov ruaj khov tshaj plaws yog cov tebchaw uas manganese muaj qhov tseem ceeb +2, +4, +6. Qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm oxidation tso cai rau cov tebchaw los ua cov oxidizing muaj zog tshaj plaws. Piv txwv li: KMnO4, Mn2O7.
Cov tshuaj nrog +2 yog txo cov neeg ua haujlwm, manganese (II) hydroxide muaj cov khoom amphoteric, nrog rau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov hauv paus. Intermediate oxidation states tsim amphoteric compounds.
Discovery keeb kwm
Manganese yog cov tshuaj lom neeg uas tsis tau pom tam sim, tab sis maj mam thiab los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb sib txawv. Txawm li cas los xij, nws cov ntsiab lus tau siv los ntawm tib neeg txij li thaum ub. Manganese (IV) oxide tau siv rau iav smelting. Ib tug Italian tau hais qhov tseeb tias qhov sib ntxiv ntawm qhov sib xyaw no hauv cov tshuaj tsim cov tsom iav hloov lawv cov xim liab. Nrog rau qhov no, tib yam tshuaj pab tshem tawm cov tsom iav dub.
Tom qab hauv Austria, tus kws tshawb fawb Kaim tau tswj hwm kom tau ib daim ntawm cov hlau manganese los ntawm kev nthuav tawm pyrolysite (manganese (IV) oxide), potash thiab thee mus rau qhov kub thiab txias. Txawm li cas los xij, tus qauv no muaj ntau yam impurities, uas nws tsis tuaj yeem tshem tawm, yog li qhov kev tshawb pom tsis tshwm sim.
Txawm tias tom qab ntawd, lwm tus kws tshawb fawb kuj tau tsim cov khoom sib xyaw uas muaj feem tseem ceeb yog cov hlau ntshiab. Nws yog Bergman, uas yav tas los nrhiav tau lub ntsiab nickel. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis yog lub hom phiaj kom tiav txoj haujlwm.
Manganese yog cov tshuaj lom neeg, uas yog thawj zaug tau txais thiab cais tawm hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov tshuaj yooj yim los ntawm Karl Scheele xyoo 1774. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau ua qhov no ua ke nrog I. Gan, uas ua tiav cov txheej txheem ntawm smelting ib daim hlau. Tab sis txawm lawv ua tsis tau tiav tshem tawm ntawm impurities thiab tau txais 100% cov khoom tawm los.
Txawm li cas los xij, lub sijhawm no tau dhau losnrhiav pom ntawm no atom. Tib cov kws tshawb fawb tau sim muab lub npe ua cov neeg tshawb nrhiav. Lawv xaiv lo lus manganesium. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab tshawb pom magnesium, tsis meej pem, thiab lub npe ntawm manganese tau hloov mus rau niaj hnub no (H. David, 1908).
Vim tias manganese yog cov khoom siv tshuaj uas nws cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau ntau cov txheej txheem metallurgical, dhau sijhawm nws tsim nyog los nrhiav txoj hauv kev kom tau txais nws hauv daim ntawv purest. Qhov teeb meem no tau daws los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb thoob plaws ntiaj teb, tab sis tswj kom daws tau tsuas yog hauv xyoo 1919 ua tsaug rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm R. Agladze, tus kws tshuaj Soviet. Nws yog nws leej twg pom ib txoj hauv kev uas nws muaj peev xwm tau txais cov hlau ntshiab nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm 99.98% los ntawm sulfates thiab chlorides ntawm manganese los ntawm electrolysis. Tam sim no txoj kev no tau siv thoob plaws ntiaj teb.
Nyob hauv ntuj
Manganese yog cov tshuaj lom neeg, ib daim duab ntawm cov khoom yooj yim uas tuaj yeem pom hauv qab no. Hauv qhov xwm txheej, muaj ntau lub isotopes ntawm no atom, tus naj npawb ntawm neutrons uas txawv heev. Yog li, cov lej loj nyob ntawm 44 txog 69. Txawm li cas los xij, tib lub isotope ruaj khov yog lub caij nrog tus nqi55 Mn, tag nrho cov seem muaj qhov tsis txaus ntseeg ib nrab-lub neej lossis muaj nyob hauv tsawg heev.
Vim tias manganese yog cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg uas nws lub xeev oxidation txawv heev, nws kuj tsim ntau lub tebchaw hauv cov xwm txheej. Hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab, lub ntsiab lus no tsis tshwm sim txhua. Hauv cov minerals thiab ores, nws cov neeg zej zog tas li yog hlau. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, ob peb lub pob zeb tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, uas suav nrog manganese, tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas.
YPyrolusite. Compound formula: MnO
Dhau li ntawm qhov no, koj tuaj yeem xaiv ob peb yam minerals ntxiv, uas kuj suav nrog cov ntsiab lus hauv nqe lus nug. Nov yog:
- calcite;
- siderite;
- av nplaum ntxhia;
- chalcedony;
- opal;
- sand-silty compounds.
Ntxiv rau cov pob zeb thiab cov pob zeb sedimentary, cov zaub mov, manganese yog cov tshuaj lom neeg uas yog ib feem ntawm cov khoom hauv qab no:
- Nroj tsuag kab mob. Qhov loj tshaj plaws accumulators ntawm lub caij no yog: dej chestnut, duckweed, diatoms.
- Ntsuab nceb.
- Qee hom kab mob.
- Ntseeg tsiaj: ntsaum liab, crustaceans, molluscs.
- Cov neeg - qhov xav tau txhua hnub yog kwv yees li 3-5 mg.
- Cov dej hiav txwv muaj 0.3% ntawm cov khoom no.
- Tag nrho cov ntsiab lus hauv lub ntiaj teb crust 0.1% los ntawm huab hwm coj.
Feem ntau, nws yog 14th feem ntau cov ntsiab lus ntawm tag nrho peb lub ntiaj teb. Ntawm cov hlau hnyav, nws yog qhov thib ob tom qabhlau.
Lub cev muaj zog
Los ntawm qhov pom ntawm cov khoom ntawm manganese, raws li cov khoom siv yooj yim, ob peb yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv rau nws.
- Hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov khoom siv yooj yim, nws yog ib qho khoom siv hlau (ntawm Mohs nplai, qhov taw qhia yog 4). Xim - silvery-white, npog nrog ib tug tiv thaiv oxide zaj duab xis nyob rau hauv cov huab cua, ci nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav.
- Lub melting point yog 12460C.
- Boil - 20610C.
- Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob yog qhov zoo, nws yog paramagnetic.
- Hlau ntom yog 7.44 g / cm 3.
- Muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm plaub qhov kev hloov kho polymorphic (α, β, γ, σ), qhov sib txawv ntawm cov qauv thiab cov duab ntawm cov siv lead ua lattice thiab cov ntim ntim ntawm atoms. Lawv qhov melting point kuj txawv.
Muaj peb yam tseem ceeb ntawm manganese siv hauv metallurgy: β, γ, σ. Alpha yog qhov tsis tshua muaj, vim nws tsis yooj yim heev hauv nws cov khoom.
tshuaj muaj zog
Los ntawm qhov pom ntawm chemistry, manganese yog cov tshuaj lom neeg uas nws tus nqi ion txawv ntawm +2 txog +7. Qhov no tso nws lub cim rau ntawm nws txoj haujlwm. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv dawb nyob rau hauv huab cua, manganese reacts heev weakly nrog dej thiab dissolves nyob rau hauv dilute acids. Txawm li cas los xij, sai li sai tau qhov kub thiab txias, qhov kev ua ntawm cov hlau nce ntau.
Yog li, nws muaj peev xwm cuam tshuam nrog:
- nitrogen;
- carbon;
- halogens;
- silicon;
- sulfur thiab lwm yam nonmetals.
phosphorus
Thaum tshav kub tsis muaj cua, cov hlau yooj yim dhau mus rau hauv lub xeev vapor. Raws li lub xeev oxidation uas manganese nthuav tawm, nws cov tebchaw tuaj yeem ua tau ob qho tib si txo cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab oxidizing cov neeg ua haujlwm. Qee qhov nthuav tawm amphoteric zog. Yog li, cov tseem ceeb yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tebchaw uas nws yog +2. Amphoteric - +4, thiab acidic thiab muaj zog oxidizing nyob rau hauv tus nqi siab tshaj +7.
Txawm hais tias qhov tseeb tias manganese yog cov hlau hloov pauv, cov khoom sib txuas rau nws muaj tsawg. Qhov no yog vim qhov ruaj khov hluav taws xob teeb tsa ntawm lub atom, vim nws 3d sublevel muaj 5 electrons.
Txoj kev tau txais
Muaj peb txoj hauv kev uas manganese (cov tshuaj lom neeg) tau txais hauv kev lag luam. Raws li lub npe tau nyeem hauv Latin, peb twb tau xaiv - manganum. Yog tias koj txhais nws ua lus Lavxias, ces nws yuav yog "yog, kuv qhia meej, Kuv discolor." Manganese tshuav nws lub npe rau lub manifest khoom paub txij thaum ancient sij hawm.
Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias muaj koob meej, lawv tau tswj kom tau nws hauv nws daim ntawv dawb huv rau siv xyoo 1919 nkaus xwb. Qhov no yog ua los ntawm cov hauv qab no.
- Electrolysis, cov khoom lag luam tawm los yog 99.98%. Ua li no, manganese tau txais hauv kev lag luam tshuaj.
- Silicothermal, lossis silicon txo. Nrog rau txoj kev no, silicon thiab manganese (IV) oxide yog fused, uas ua rau tsim cov hlau ntshiab. Cov txiaj ntsig yog kwv yees li 68%, raws li kev mob tshwm sim yog kev sib xyaw ntawm manganese nrog silicon los tsim silicide. CovCov txheej txheem yog siv hauv kev lag luam metallurgical.
- Aluminothermic method - kho nrog txhuas. Tsis tas li ntawd tsis muab cov khoom lag luam siab dhau lawm, manganese yog tsim los ntawm impurities.
Kev tsim cov hlau no tseem ceeb rau ntau cov txheej txheem ua hauv metallurgy. Txawm tias ib qho me me ntxiv ntawm manganese tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau cov khoom ntawm alloys. Nws tau raug pov thawj tias ntau cov hlau yaj hauv nws, sau nws cov iav siv lead ua.
Hais txog kev rho tawm thiab tsim cov khoom no, Russia yog thawj zaug hauv ntiaj teb. Cov txheej txheem no kuj tau ua nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws xws li:
- China.
- South Africa.
- Kazakhstan.
- Georgia.
- Ukraine.
siv kev lag luam
Manganese yog cov tshuaj lom neeg, kev siv uas tseem ceeb tsis yog hauv metallurgy xwb. tab sis kuj nyob rau lwm qhov chaw. Ntxiv nrog rau cov hlau hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab, ntau lub tebchaw ntawm no atom kuj tseem ceeb heev. Cia peb xaiv cov tseem ceeb.
- Muaj ntau hom alloys uas, ua tsaug rau manganese, muaj cov khoom tshwj xeeb. Yog li, piv txwv li, Hadfield steel muaj zog heev thiab hnav-tiv taus uas nws yog siv rau smelting qhov chaw rau excavators, zeb ua tshuab, crushers, pob zeb, thiab armored qhov chaw.
- Manganese dioxide yog ib qho yuav tsum tau oxidizing caij ntawm electroplating, nws yog siv los tsim depolarizers.
- Manganese tebchaw yog xav tau rau kev siv cov organicsyntheses ntawm ntau yam tshuaj.
- Potassium permanganate (lossis poov tshuaj permanganate) yog siv hauv tshuaj ua tshuaj tua kab mob.
- Lub ntsiab lus no yog ib feem ntawm tooj liab, tooj dag, tsim nws tus kheej alloy nrog tooj liab, uas yog siv los ua dav hlau turbines, hniav thiab lwm yam.
Lub luag haujlwm lom neeg
Qhov xav tau ib hnub rau manganese rau ib tus neeg yog 3-5 mg. Qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov khoom no ua rau kev nyuaj siab ntawm lub paj hlwb, pw tsaug zog thiab ntxhov siab, kiv taub hau. Nws lub luag haujlwm tseem tsis tau kawm tiav, tab sis nws yog qhov tseeb tias, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho, nws muaj kev cuam tshuam rau:
- kev loj hlob;
- kev ua ntawm lub gonads;
- hormone ua haujlwm;
- ntshav tsim.
Lub ntsiab lus no muaj nyob hauv txhua tsob nroj, tsiaj txhu, tib neeg, uas ua pov thawj nws lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv lom.
Ntxhais yam khoom xav paub
Manganese yog cov tshuaj lom neeg, nthuav qhov tseeb uas tuaj yeem ua rau txhua tus neeg nyiam, thiab ua rau koj nkag siab tias nws tseem ceeb npaum li cas. Nov yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lawv, uas tau pom lawv cov cim hauv keeb kwm ntawm cov hlau no.
- Thaum lub sijhawm nyuaj ntawm kev ua tsov rog hauv tebchaws USSR, ib qho ntawm cov khoom xa tawm thawj zaug yog ore uas muaj cov manganese ntau.
- Yog tias manganese dioxide fused nrog potassium hydroxide thiab ntsev, thiab tom qab ntawd cov khoom yog yaj hauv dej, kev hloov pauv zoo yuav pib. Cov tshuaj yuav ua ntej tig ntsuab, ces xim yuav hloov mus rau xiav.tom qab - ntshav. Thaum kawg, nws yuav tig crimson thiab xim av precipitate yuav maj mam poob tawm. Yog tias qhov sib tov yog shaken, ces cov xim ntsuab yuav rov qab los thiab txhua yam yuav tshwm sim dua. Nws yog rau qhov no tias poov tshuaj permanganate tau txais nws lub npe, uas txhais tau tias "mineral chameleon"
- Yog tias cov chiv uas muaj manganese siv rau hauv av, ces cov khoom tsim tau ntawm cov nroj tsuag yuav nce thiab tus nqi ntawm photosynthesis yuav nce. Lub caij ntuj no nplej yuav tsim cov nplej zoo dua.
- Qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm manganese ntxhia rhodonite hnyav 47 tons thiab pom nyob rau hauv Urals.
- Muaj ternary alloy hu ua manganin. Nws muaj cov khoom xws li tooj liab, manganese thiab npib tsib xee. Nws qhov tshwj xeeb yog tias nws muaj hluav taws xob ua haujlwm siab, uas yog ywj siab ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, tab sis cuam tshuam los ntawm lub siab.
Tau kawg, tsis yog txhua yam hais txog cov hlau no. Manganese yog cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg, cov ntsiab lus nthuav txog uas muaj ntau haiv neeg. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias peb tham txog cov khoom uas nws muab rau ntau yam alloys.
