Biology ntawm tes nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus dav dav paub rau txhua leej txhua tus los ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv cov ntaub ntawv kawm. Peb caw koj kom nco ntsoov qhov koj tau kawm ib zaug, nrog rau nrhiav tau ib yam tshiab txog nws. Lub npe "cell" tau thov thaum ntxov li 1665 los ntawm tus neeg Askiv Askiv R. Hooke. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19 uas nws tau pib kawm ua ke. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau xav, ntawm lwm yam, hauv lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov cell hauv lub cev. Lawv tuaj yeem yog ib feem ntawm ntau yam kabmob thiab kab mob (qe, kab mob, paj hlwb, erythrocytes) lossis yog cov kab mob ywj pheej (protozoa). Txawm hais tias lawv muaj ntau haiv neeg, muaj ntau qhov sib xws hauv lawv cov haujlwm thiab cov qauv.
Cell functions
Lawv txhua tus sib txawv hauv daim ntawv thiab feem ntau ua haujlwm. Cells ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg thiab lub cev ntawm ib lub cev kuj tuaj yeem sib txawv heev. Txawm li cas los xij, biology ntawm tes qhia txog cov haujlwm uas muaj nyob hauv txhua yam ntawm lawv. Qhov no yog qhov uas protein synthesis ib txwm muaj. Cov txheej txheem no yog tswj los ntawm cov cuab yeej genetic apparatus. Ib lub cell uas tsis synthesize proteins yog qhov tseem ceeb tuag. Lub cell muaj sia yog ib qho uas nws cov khoom hloov pauv txhua lub sijhawm. Txawm li cas los xij, cov chav kawm tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom tseem nyobtsis hloov.
Tag nrho cov txheej txheem hauv cell yog ua los ntawm kev siv lub zog. Cov no yog cov khoom noj khoom haus, ua pa, tsim tawm, metabolism. Yog li ntawd, lub cell nyob yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov tseeb tias lub zog pauv hloov pauv nyob rau hauv nws txhua lub sijhawm. Txhua tus ntawm lawv muaj cov khoom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws - lub peev xwm khaws cia lub zog thiab siv nws. Lwm cov haujlwm suav nrog kev faib thiab kev chim siab.
Txhua lub hlwb muaj sia tuaj yeem teb cov tshuaj lom neeg lossis lub cev hloov pauv hauv lawv ib puag ncig. Cov cuab yeej no hu ua excitability lossis irritability. Hauv cov hlwb, thaum zoo siab, tus nqi ntawm kev lwj ntawm cov khoom thiab biosynthesis, qhov kub thiab txias, thiab kev siv oxygen hloov. Hauv lub xeev no, lawv ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb rau lawv.
Cell structure
Nws cov qauv yog qhov nyuaj, txawm hais tias nws tau suav tias yog daim ntawv yooj yim ntawm lub neej hauv kev tshawb fawb xws li biology. Cells yog nyob rau hauv cov khoom intercellular. Nws muab lawv ua pa, khoom noj khoom haus thiab lub zog txhua yam. Lub nucleus thiab cytoplasm yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm txhua lub cell. Txhua tus ntawm lawv yog them nrog ib daim nyias nyias, lub tsev tsim uas yog molecule. Biology tau tsim tias daim nyias nyias yog tsim los ntawm ntau cov molecules. Lawv tau teem rau hauv ob peb txheej. Ua tsaug rau daim nyias nyias, cov tshuaj nkag mus tau xaiv. Nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm yog organelles - cov qauv me tshaj plaws. Cov no yog cov endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, ribosomes, cell center, Golgi complex, lysosomes. Koj yuav tau txais lub tswv yim zoo ntawm cov hlwb zoo li cas los ntawm kev kawm cov duab uas tau nthuav tawm hauv kab lus no.
Thaum tshuaj xyuas cov nroj tsuag hauv lub tshuab tsom iav (piv txwv li, lub hauv paus dos), koj tuaj yeem pom tias nws nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm lub plhaub tuab heev. Cov squid muaj ib tug loj heev axon, lub sheath uas yog ib tug txawv kiag li qhov. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis txiav txim siab tias cov tshuaj twg yuav tsum tau lossis tsis tso cai rau hauv axon. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov cell membrane yog tias nws yog ib qho ntxiv ntawm kev tiv thaiv cell membrane. Lub membrane hu ua "lub zog ntawm lub cell". Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsuas yog muaj tseeb hauv kev nkag siab tias nws tiv thaiv thiab thaiv nws cov ntsiab lus.
Ob lub membrane thiab cov ntsiab lus sab hauv ntawm txhua lub cell feem ntau muaj tib lub atoms. Cov no yog carbon, hydrogen, oxygen thiab nitrogen. Cov atoms no yog nyob rau ntawm qhov pib ntawm lub sij hawm. Lub membrane yog molecular sieve, zoo heev (nws thickness yog 10 txhiab lub sij hawm tsawg tshaj li cov thickness ntawm cov plaub hau). Nws qhov hws zoo ib yam li nqaim ntev ua nyob rau hauv lub fortress phab ntsa ntawm qee lub nroog medieval. Lawv qhov dav thiab qhov siab yog 10 npaug tsawg dua lawv qhov ntev. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov nyob rau hauv no sieve yog tsawg heev. Hauv qee lub hlwb, cov pores nyob tsuas yog ib lab ntawm tag nrho thaj tsam ntawm daim nyias nyias.
Core
Cell biology kuj nthuav los ntawm qhov pom ntawm lub nucleus. Qhov no yog qhov loj tshaj plaws organoid, thawj qhov nyiam cov kws tshawb fawb. Xyoo 1981, lub cell nucleus tau tshawb pom los ntawm Robert Brown, tus kws tshawb fawb Scottish. Cov organoid no yog ib hom cybernetic system uas cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia, ua tiav, thiab tom qab ntawd xa mus rau cytoplasm, qhov ntim ntawm qhov loj heev. Lub hauv paus tseem ceeb heev hauv cov txheej txheemheredity, uas nws plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev rov tsim dua tshiab, uas yog, nws muaj peev xwm rov ua kom muaj kev ncaj ncees ntawm tag nrho cov cellular lub cev. Qhov no organoid tswj tag nrho cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm lub cell. Raws li rau cov duab ntawm lub nucleus, feem ntau nws yog spherical, nrog rau ovoid. Chromatin yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub cev. Qhov no yog ib yam khoom uas stains zoo nrog tshwj xeeb nuclear dyes.
Ib ob daim nyias nyias cais cov nucleus los ntawm cytoplasm. Cov membrane no yog txuam nrog Golgi complex thiab nrog endoplasmic reticulum. Lub nuclear membrane muaj qhov pores los ntawm qee yam khoom yooj yim dhau mus, thaum lwm qhov nyuaj ua li ntawd. Yog li, nws cov permeability yog xaiv.
Nuclear kua txiv yog cov ntsiab lus sab hauv ntawm cov ntsiav. Nws puv qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm nws cov qauv. Yuav tsum nyob rau hauv lub nucleus muaj nucleoli (ib los yog ntau tshaj). Lawv tsim ribosomes. Muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm qhov loj ntawm nucleoli thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cell: qhov loj dua nucleoli, qhov muaj protein ntau biosynthesis tshwm sim; thiab, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, hauv cov hlwb uas muaj cov synthesis tsawg, lawv tsis tuaj yeem los yog me me.
Chromosomes nyob rau hauv lub nucleus. Cov no yog tshwj xeeb filamentous formations. Ntxiv nrog rau kev sib deev chromosomes, muaj 46 chromosomes nyob rau hauv lub nucleus ntawm ib tug cell nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev. Lawv muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog keeb kwm kev xav ntawm lub cev, uas kis mus rau cov xeeb ntxwv.
Cells feem ntau muaj ib lub nucleus, tab sis kuj muaj ntau lub hlwb (hauv cov leeg, siab, thiab lwm yam). Yog tias cov nuclei raug tshem tawm, cov seem ntawm lub cell yuav ua tsis tau.
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm yog cov xim tsis muaj xim mucous ib nrab kua. Nws muaj li ntawm 75-85% dej, kwv yees li 10-12% amino acids thiab cov proteins, 4-6% carbohydrates, 2 mus rau 3% lipids thiab rog, nrog rau 1% inorganic thiab lwm yam tshuaj.
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm tes, nyob hauv cytoplasm, tuaj yeem txav mus. Vim li no, cov organelles tau muab tso rau qhov zoo, thiab cov tshuaj biochemical ua tau zoo dua, nrog rau cov txheej txheem ntawm excretion ntawm cov khoom metabolic. Cov txheej txheem sib txawv tau nthuav tawm hauv cytoplasm txheej: superficial outgrowths, flagella, cilia. Lub cytoplasm yog permeated los ntawm ib tug mesh system (vacuolar), muaj xws li flattened hnab, vesicles, tubules uas sib txuas lus nrog ib leeg. Lawv txuas nrog rau sab nrauv plasma membrane.
YEndoplasmic reticulum
Lub cev no tau muaj npe vim tias nws nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm cytoplasm (los ntawm Greek, lo lus "endon" yog txhais ua "hauv"). EPS yog ib tug heev branched system ntawm vesicles, tubules, tubules ntawm ntau yam duab thiab ntau thiab tsawg. Lawv raug cais tawm ntawm cytoplasm ntawm lub cell los ntawm daim nyias nyias.
Muaj ob hom EPS. Thawj yog granular, uas muaj cov tso tsheb hlau luam thiab tubules, qhov saum npoo ntawm uas yog dotted nrog granules (grains). Qhov thib ob hom EPS yog agranular, uas yog, du. Grans yog ribosomes. Curiously, granular EPS feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv lub hlwb ntawm cov tsiaj embryos, thaum nyob rau hauv cov neeg laus cov ntaub ntawv nws yog feem ntau agranular. Ribosomes paub tias yog qhov chaw ntawm cov protein synthesis hauv cytoplasm. Raws li qhov no, nws tuaj yeem xav tias granular EPS tshwm sim hauv cov hlwb uas muaj protein ntau synthesis tshwm sim. Lub agranular network ntseeg tau tias yog sawv cev feem ntau hauv cov hlwb uas muaj kev sib txuas ntawm lipids tshwm sim, uas yog, rog thiab ntau yam rog zoo li cov tshuaj.
Ob hom EPS tsis yog koom nrog hauv kev sib txuas ntawm cov tshuaj organic. Ntawm no cov tshuaj no sib sau thiab thauj mus rau qhov chaw tsim nyog. EPS kuj tswj cov metabolism uas tshwm sim ntawm ib puag ncig thiab lub cell.
Ribosome
Cov no yog cellular non-membrane organelles. Lawv yog tsim los ntawm cov protein thiab ribonucleic acid. Cov seem ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm tes tseem tsis tau nkag siab tag nrho ntawm cov qauv sab hauv. Nyob rau hauv lub tshuab electron microscope, ribosomes zoo li nceb-puab los yog round granules. Txhua ntawm lawv tau muab faib ua qhov me thiab loj (subunits) siv lub zawj. Ob peb ribosomes feem ntau txuas ua ke los ntawm ib txoj hlua ntawm RNA tshwj xeeb (ribonucleic acid) hu ua i-RNA (tus xa xov). Ua tsaug rau cov organelles, protein molecules yog synthesized los ntawm amino acids.
Golgi complex
Cov khoom ntawm biosynthesis nkag mus rau lumen ntawm cov tubules thiab kab noj hniav ntawm EPS. Ntawm no lawv tau tsom mus rau hauv ib qho tshwj xeeb apparatus hu ua Golgi complex (qhia raws li lub golgi complex nyob rau hauv daim duab saum toj no). Cov cuab yeej no nyob ze ntawm lub nucleus. Nws koom nrog hauv kev hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom siv biosynthetic uas xa mus rau lub xov tooj ntawm tes. Tsis tas li ntawd, Golgi complex yog koom nrog hauv lawv qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm lub cell, hauv kev tsimlysosomes, thiab lwm yam.
Cov kab mob no tau tshawb pom los ntawm Camilio Golgi, tus kws kho mob hauv Italian (lub neej - 1844-1926). Nyob rau hauv kev hwm ntawm nws, nyob rau hauv 1898, nws tau lub npe hu ua lub apparatus (complex) ntawm lub Golgi. Proteins tsim nyob rau hauv ribosomes nkag mus rau hauv lub organelle. Thaum qee qhov lwm yam organoid xav tau lawv, ib feem ntawm Golgi apparatus raug cais. Yog li, cov protein raug thauj mus rau qhov chaw xav tau.
Lysosomes
Thaum tham txog seb cov hlwb zoo li cas thiab cov organelles muaj nyob hauv lawv cov khoom, nws yuav tsum tau hais txog lysosomes. Lawv muaj cov duab oval, lawv nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm ib txheej txheej membrane. Lysosomes muaj cov enzymes uas zom cov protein, lipids, thiab carbohydrates. Yog tias lysosomal membrane puas lawm, enzymes zom thiab rhuav tshem cov ntsiab lus hauv cell. Vim li ntawd, nws tuag.
Cell center
Nws pom muaj nyob hauv cov hlwb uas muaj peev xwm faib tau. Lub cell center muaj ob lub centrioles (rod-shaped lub cev). Nyob ze ntawm Golgi complex thiab nucleus, nws koom nrog hauv kev tsim ntawm kev faib spindle, nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm cell division.
YMitochondria
Lub zog organelles suav nrog mitochondria (daim duab saum toj no) thiab chloroplasts. Mitochondria yog thawj lub zog ntawm txhua lub cell. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lawv lub zog yog muab rho tawm los ntawm cov as-ham. Mitochondria muaj qhov sib txawv, tab sis feem ntau lawv yog granules lossis filaments. Lawv tus lej thiab qhov loj me tsis tas li. Nws nyob ntawm seb yog dab tsi ua haujlwm ntawm ib lub xov tooj ntawm tes.
Yog tias peb xav txog ib qho electron micrograph,Nws tuaj yeem pom tias mitochondria muaj ob daim nyias nyias: sab hauv thiab sab nraud. Lub puab ib daim ntawv outgrowths (cristae) npog nrog enzymes. Vim lub xub ntiag ntawm cristae, tag nrho saum npoo ntawm mitochondria nce. Qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov enzymes mus ua haujlwm.
Hauv mitochondria, cov kws tshawb fawb tau tshawb pom cov ribosomes thiab DNA tshwj xeeb. Qhov no tso cai rau cov organelles rov tsim dua ntawm lawv tus kheej thaum lub sijhawm faib cell.
YChloroplast
Raws li rau chloroplasts, nws yog ib lub disc los yog ib lub pob hauv cov duab, muaj ob lub plhaub (sab hauv thiab sab nraud). Nyob rau hauv no organoid kuj muaj ribosomes, DNA thiab grana - tshwj xeeb daim nyias nyias muaj feem xyuam rau ob qho tib si rau hauv daim nyias nyias thiab ib leeg. Chlorophyll muaj nyob rau hauv daim nyias nyias ntawm gran. Ua tsaug rau nws, lub zog ntawm lub hnub ci hloov mus rau hauv cov tshuaj lom neeg lub zog ntawm adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Hauv chloroplasts, nws yog siv los tsim cov carbohydrates (tsim los ntawm dej thiab carbon dioxide).
Pom zoo, cov ntaub ntawv hais los saum toj no yog qhov tsim nyog kom paub tsis yog txhawm rau txhawm rau xeem kab mob biology. Lub cell yog cov khoom tsim ua rau peb lub cev. Thiab tag nrho cov nyob qhov xwm txheej yog ib tug complex txheej ntawm hlwb. Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, lawv muaj ntau yam khoom. Thaum xub thawj siab ib muag, tej zaum yuav zoo li hais tias kev kawm cov qauv ntawm ib tug cell tsis yog ib tug yooj yim txoj hauj lwm. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias koj saib, lub ntsiab lus no tsis nyuaj heev. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum paub nws thiaj li ua tau zoo hauv kev tshawb fawb xws li biology. Lub cev muaj pes tsawg leeg yog ib qho ntawm nws cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb.
