Keeb kwm paub ntau yam kev tsov kev rog hauv Rome. Qhov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum lub sij hawm lub koom pheej lig.
Puas muaj kev tsov kev rog hauv Rome tau ntau xyoo?
Lub sijhawm thaum lub sijhawm sib ntaus sib tua yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm ntau tus kws sau keeb kwm ua ib qho kev kub ntxhov loj tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm lub tebchaws. Kev tsov rog nto moo tshaj plaws hauv Rome tau tshwm sim hauv 40s BC. e. Thaum lub sijhawm ntawd, Julius Caesar tawm tsam cov neeg tseem ceeb hauv Senatorial, coj los ntawm Pompey Great. Muaj pes tsawg xyoo kev tsov kev rog tseem nyob hauv Rome, vim muaj ntau qhov kev hloov kho sab hauv tau tshwm sim hauv lub xeev. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, kev sib ntaus sib tua tau kav ntau tshaj 100 xyoo - los ntawm 133 txog 31 BC. e.
Background
Dab tsi yog qhov ua rau muaj kev tsov rog hauv Rome? Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 2 BC. e. Gaius Marius tau hloov kho cov tub rog. Lub peasantry tau puas tsuaj, nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog uas recruitment rau cov tub rog nyob rau hauv cov khoom tsim nyog yog tsis yooj yim sua. Yog li ntawd, thov khawv aspired mus rau tub rog. Thiab cov tub rog tau pib ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb rau cov nyiaj hli thiab tsis muaj lwm qhov nyiaj tau los.
Tom qab kev yeej ntawm Teutons thiab Cimbri, Rome tsis uamuaj yeeb ncuab loj heev rau ntau xyoo lawm. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev tsis sib haum xeeb hnyav zuj zus hauv Republic nws tus kheej. Lawv yog cov ua rau muaj kev tsov kev rog hauv Rome. Lawv xaus nrog kev tsim tsa huab tais nrog kev khaws cia ntawm qee lub koom haum Republican.
Kev pib ntawm kev tsov kev rog hauv Rome poob rau qhov kawg ntawm 90s. Thawj ntawm lawv yog hu ua Allied. Qhov kev tsov rog hauv Rome no tau tawm tsam los ntawm Italian cov phooj ywg tawm tsam cov tub ceev xwm. Yuav kom xaus qhov kev tawm tsam, tsoomfwv raug yuam kom ntsib cov neeg ntxeev siab ib nrab. Yog li ntawd, cov phooj ywg Italian tau txais kev ua pej xeem Roman. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua no, tus tom ntej yuav luag tam sim ntawd ua raws. Kev tsov kev rog tshiab tau tshwm sim hauv Rome ntawm pawg thawj coj, coj los ntawm Lucius Cornelius Sulla, thiab cov neeg ywj pheej, coj los ntawm Gaius Marius.
Late Republic
Ntau qhov kev tsov kev rog hauv Rome tau nrog cov ntshav tshwj xeeb thiab xaus rau kev tsim txom. Xws li yog, piv txwv li, kev tawm tsam ntawm aristocracy thiab cov kwv tij Gracchi. Xyoo 133 muaj kev sib cav sib ceg ntawm Capitol. Thaum lub sij hawm nws, cov neeg pawg neeg Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, nrog rau 300 Gracchians poob txoj cai thaum lub sij hawm comitia ntawm tes ntawm senators thiab accomplices uas txhawb lawv.
Kev sib tsoo tom ntej no tshwm sim hauv 121. Lub tribune ntawm cov neeg, Gaius Sempronius Gracchus, thiab txog 3,000 Gracchians tau swb thaum lub sij hawm ua phem rau Aventine los ntawm cov tub rog hu ua Senate. Ib tug thwjtim ntawm Gracchi, Lucius Appuleius Saturninus, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 100 poob ntawm txhais tes ntawm optimates thaum lub sij hawm cua daj cua dub ntawm lub Capitol. Ua rawskev sib tsoo tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 91-88 BC. e. Nws yog Allied tsov rog, uas tsis raug suav hais tias yog kev tsov rog hauv pej xeem, txij li cov neeg Italians tsis muaj neeg xam xaj.
Marians thiab Sullan
Kev tsov rog hauv Rome ntawm cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm Gaius Marius thiab Sulla tau tshwm sim hauv 88-87. Raws li kev sib ntaus sib tua, thawj zaug khiav tawm. Txawm li cas los xij, qee lub sij hawm tom qab, kev tsov kev rog tshiab tau tshwm sim hauv Rome nrog kev koom tes ntawm Marians. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv 87-83 muaj ib tug coup. Cov Marians, tau rov qab los ntawm kev swb dhau los, txeeb tau lub hwj chim. Nyob rau hauv 87, ib tug sim coup los ntawm tus consul Lucius Cornelius Cinna. Txawm li cas los xij, kev ntxeev siab tau muab tso tseg los ntawm Gnaeus Octavius. Vim li ntawd, Cinna raug yuam kom khiav.
Nyob rau tib lub xyoo 87, Marius rov qab los thiab tawm tsam Rome. Quintus Sertorius thiab Cinna tam sim ntawd txuas nrog nws. Lub sijhawm no, kev sib kis tau tshwm sim hauv Rome. Cov tub rog ntawm Senate, Pompey txiv tuag, thiab lub cev ntawm lub hwj chim nws tus kheej capitulates. Tom qab ntawd, Octavius raug tua, thiab Maria thiab Cinna raug xaiv tsa tus neeg sawv cev rau xyoo 86. Qhov thib ob sim coj kev tsov rog nrog Sulla los ze zog, tab sis tuag thaum lub sij hawm ntxeev siab nyob rau hauv Ancona. Txawm li cas los xij, kev ua tsov rog tshiab tsis muaj kev zam.
Txheej xwm ntawm 83-77 xyoo
Kev sib ntaus sib tua tom ntej tau tshwm sim ntawm Sullans thiab Marians hauv 83. Marius tuag, thiab Sulla tuaj yeem coj Rome. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv 82 lub dictatorship twb tsim.
Tom qab kev tawm haujlwm thiab kev tuag ntawm Sulla, lub sijhawm tsis ruaj khov tau pib. Nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm nws muaj ob peb tsis sib haum xeeb. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv 80-72 muaj ib tug protracted tsov rog ntawmSullans thiab Quintus Sertorius (Marian). Kev yeej yog rau Senate (Sullans). Xyoo 77 muaj kev tsov rog luv luv - kev ntxeev siab ntawm Lepidus. Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias nws tsis yog ib tug Marian. Kev sib tsoo rov xaus rau hauv kev yeej rau Sullans.
Rise of Spartacus
Nws tshwm sim hauv 74/73-71. Qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb no tau dhau los ua ib qho loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb sab hauv. Kev tawm tsam tau koom nrog cov qhev, uas nws tus thawj coj yog Spartacus. Cov tub rog ntawm Rome yeej. Nyob rau hauv 74 los yog 73 nyob rau hauv Capua, nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm gladiators, ib tug conspiracy tshwm sim. Ntawm 200 tus neeg ntxeev siab, tsuas yog 78 tus tau khiav tawm, suav nrog Spartak.
Gladiators, qhov tseeb, cov tub rog tshaj lij. Lawv tawm tsam kom tuag nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm cov neeg tuaj saib nyob rau hauv lub arenas. Kev paub gladiators yog ib qho khoom muaj nqis heev. Cov tswv tau saib xyuas lawv thiab sim lawv qhov zoo tshaj plaws los tiv thaiv lawv cov qhev tuag. Ntau tus gladiators tau txais kev ywj pheej. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv tsis tau tawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv, tab sis tseem nyob hauv lawv ua cov kws qhia ntawv rudiary. Ntau tus neeg paub txog gladiators tau nyob hauv kev tiv thaiv cov neeg muaj koob muaj npe thiab koom nrog kev tawm tsam ntawm pawg thiab ob tog tsis yog hauv Rome nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj nyob hauv lwm lub nroog Italian.
Spartacus nrog nws cov phooj ywg, uas Enomai thiab Crixus sawv tawm tshwj xeeb, txiav txim siab los tsim ib pab tub rog muaj zog. Lawv xav sib ntaus sib tua nrog cov Roman legions. Tsis muaj cov lus teb meej hauv keeb kwm rau cov lus nug ntawm seb Spartacus npaj yuav coj cov neeg tawm tsam sab nraud ntawm thaj tsam ntawm Ltalis, qhov chaw uas nws, nrog rau cov tub rog, tuaj yeem raug ntiav los ntawm qee lub xeev ua phem los ua haujlwm. Tej zaum nws yuav los cojlub hwj chim hauv Rome nws tus kheej, vam khom rau kev txhawb nqa ntawm Italian cov neeg ua liaj ua teb thiab tso cov qhev, yog li ua tiav cov hom phiaj uas cov neeg Italians tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav thaum lub sijhawm Allied War. Nyob rau hauv 63-62 muaj ib tug ntxeev siab ntawm Catiline. Cov phiaj xwm tau nthuav tawm thiab raug thawb sai sai los ntawm cov tub rog txhawb nqa Senate thiab Republic.
Caesarians thiab Pompeians: rooj
Kev tsov kev rog hauv nroog Loos thaum lub sij hawm kav ntawm Caesar thiab tom qab nws raug tua tau hnyav heev. Nov yog cov kev sib ntaus sib tua tseem ceeb.
| Hnub (BC) | Event |
| 49-45 | Tsov rog ntawm Pompey thiab Caesar. Qhov thib ob yeej |
| 44-42 | Kev tsov rog tom qab Caesar tuag |
| 44-43 | Kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Senate thiab Mark Antony. Kev ua tsov ua rog tau xaus nrog kev sib haum xeeb ntawm cov neeg koom thiab tsim ntawm Thib Ob Triumvirate |
| 43-42 | Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Philippi. Qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua luv luv no koom nrog cov neeg tua neeg ntawm Caesar thiab qhov thib ob triumvirate, leej twg yeej |
| 44-36 | Tsov rog ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Sextus Pompey thiab Caesarians. Cov neeg kawg yeej |
Kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Caesarians
Xyoo 41-40, Kev Tsov Rog Perusin tau tshwm sim. Nws tau koom nrog Mark Antony thiab Octavian. Kev sib ntaus sib tua xaus nrog kev sib haum xeeb ntawm cov neeg tawm tsam. Tsov rog kawg hauv tebchaws Romantau ua nyob rau hauv 32-30 xyoo. Octavian thiab Mark Antony tau koom nrog nws dua. Hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua no, qhov thib ob tau swb lawm.
