Kev txhim kho niaj hnub ntawm kev lag luam thiab kev tshawb fawb qhia txog kev txuas ntxiv thiab kev voj voog ntawm cov txheej txheem tshiab. Nws cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws tsim ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ntxiv optimize cov khoom tsim tawm thiab txheeb xyuas qhov ua raws li kev tsim kho tshiab nrog cov neeg siv khoom xav tau. Lub voj voog kev tsim kho tshiab suav nrog ntau theem loj, theem thiab lawv cov theem, uas muaj kev sib tshuam. Tsim ib lub tswv yim uas txav kev tsim tawm los ntawm kev tsim kho tshiab rau cov khoom lag luam zoo rau tus nqi muab kev sib tw tseem ceeb.
Definition
Lub voj voog kev tsim kho tshiab tau nkag siab raws li tus qauv uas piav qhia txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev qhia txog kev tsim kho tshiab los ntawm theem pib (cov ntaub ntawv paub txog) mus rau theem kawg - kev siv cov khoom lag luam tshiab tiav. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv niaj hnub no tsis muaj feem ntau lees txais lub tswv yim rau txheej txheem no. Muaj 2 txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb rau qhov teeb meem no: kev lag luam dav dav (kev piav qhia ntawm lub tuam txhab tsim qauv rau kev qhia txog cov thev naus laus zis yav tom ntej) thiab nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm kev txhim kho ntawm ib lub koom haum nyias.
Muaj ntau hom qauv siv hauv kev tswj hwm tshiab:
- Txoj kab. Nws yog ib qho ntawm thawj (thov nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th) thiab yog ib tug linear sequence uas piav qhia txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim kho tshiab los ntawm kev tsim cov tswv yim rau kev muag khoom. Nws qhov tsis zoo yog qhov tsis muaj kev xav txog kev lag luam xav tau kev tsim kho tshiab, thiab kev tsom mus rau kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb, uas tsis cuam tshuam rau theem tam sim no ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis.
- Nonlinear. Raws li cov qauv no, muaj kev sib cuam tshuam tas li ntawm txhua theem thiab cov tsev kawm ntawv: kev sib pauv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntws, kev nqis peev, tib neeg thiab cov khoom siv. Hauv cov koom haum niaj hnub no, tsis muaj kev txiav txim siab ntawm kev tsim kho tshiab, kev ua haujlwm ntawm ntau lub koom haum feem ntau sib tshooj thiab sib koom ua ke.
- Khoom noj khoom haus. Nws yog raws li lub neej voj voog ntawm ib yam khoom thiab yog ib tug piav qhia ntawm ib tug series ntawm tej hauj lwm, qhov kawg tshwm sim ntawm uas yog embodied nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug tshiab los yog txhim kho cov khoom nkag mus rau lub lag luam.
- txheej txheem. Ntawm cov subspecies, lub koom haum, kev tswj hwm thiab thev naus laus zis qauv ntawm lub voj voog tshiab yog qhov txawv.
Kev siv cov qauv saum toj no tso cai rau kev tshuaj xyuas, kev npaj ua haujlwm ntawm kev tso tawm kev tsim kho tshiab thiab kev tswj hwm cov haujlwm tshiab ntawm kev lag luam. Hauv kev nkag siab nqaim, lub neej voj voog ntawm kev tsim kho tshiab yog lub sijhawm uas nws coj qee qhov txiaj ntsig rau cov chaw tsim khoom lossis tus muag khoom.
Phases of the innovation cycle
Feem ntau, muaj 5 theem tseem ceeb ntawm lub neej tshiab:
- Studying basic patterns (pab tshawb fawb).
- Nrhiav cov tswv yim daws teeb meem (kev tshawb fawb siv).
- txheej txheem tsim.
- Kev tsim kho thiab tsim khoom.
- Kev siv.
Txhais cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv ntawm lub voj voog innovation nyob ntawm hom kev tsim kho tshiab. Cov txheej txheem no tuaj yeem ua nrog ntau yam dej num thiab nyiaj txiag.
Stages
Cov theem tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom lag luam innovation muaj xws li cov hauv qab no:
- Kev txhim kho (kev tshawb fawb kev lag luam, R&D, kev sim, kev tsim, thev naus laus zis thiab koom haum ua ntej tsim khoom thiab lwm theem). Lub sijhawm no yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev nqis peev peev.
- Pib muag khoom. Nyob rau theem no, cov khoom pib ua kom tau txais txiaj ntsig (cov txiaj ntsig). Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog txoj cai tshaj tawm, tus nqi nce nqi.
- Kev nthuav dav ntawm thaj chaw muag khoom. Kev loj hlob ntawm kev muag khoom kom txog thaum kev lag luam saturation.
- Kev muag khoom qib ruaj khov. Kev thov hauv kev ua lag luam tseem muaj zog, tab sis nws qhov kev poob qis twb tau npaj lawm.
- Txo qhov ntim ntawm kev muag khoom. Thaum nthuav dav thiab nthuav dav kev lag luam, 2 theem kawg yuav tsis tuaj.
Hais piav qhia txog kev ua haujlwm tshiab (txheej txheem), 4 theem yog qhov txawv:
- kev txhim kho;
- kev ua;
- kev lag luam ruaj khov;
- txo qis hauv qhov ntim ntawm kev muag khoom (nws lub caij nplooj zeeg ntuj).
sijhawmthiab tus naj npawb ntawm cov theem, lawv lub hwj chim ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub voj voog yog txiav txim siab los ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm ib qho kev tsim kho tshiab.
Txhua theem, muaj ob peb theem uas qhia txog qee yam haujlwm uas tau ua. Rau cov qauv khoom, cov theem ntawm lub voj voog innovation yog:
- R&D, kev tshawb fawb kev lag luam (kev xav tau thiab kev lag luam ua tiav). Kev nqis peev hauv cov haujlwm yav dhau los tuaj yeem ua tau zoo nrog rau cov kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tsim kho, txij li qhov kawg ntawm qhov kev ua haujlwm nyob ntawm nws.
- Pilot ntau lawm (tsim qauv ntawm cov tshuaj tshiab).
- Yog tias tsim nyog, kho dua tshiab, kho cov tswv yim pib raws li cov txiaj ntsig ntawm theem dhau los.
- Mass ntau lawm ntawm cov khoom tshiab.
- Kev lag luam.
Cov theem zoo sib xws hauv qab no yog qhov txawv rau lub koom haum, kev tswj hwm thiab thev naus laus zis:
- txhim kho kev txiav txim siab tswj hwm (R&D rau thev naus laus zis);
- testing/sim ua haujlwm;
- kev taw qhia rau hauv lub koom haum / txheej txheem thev naus laus zis;
- cov ntaub ntawv, kev ruaj ntseg patents, ntawv tso cai rau kev tsim kho tshiab.
Them kawg rau txhua tus qauv yog kev siv cov kev tsim kho tshiab thiab kev txhim kho hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev siv los ntawm cov neeg siv khoom.
Tshawb Fawb
Kev tshawb fawb hauv paus yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev tswj hwm cov thev naus laus zis yav tom ntej. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm lawv qhov kev sivyog:
- qhov kawg tshwm sim thiab cov nqi peev txheej rau kev tau txais nws tsis paub ua ntej;
- kev tshawb fawb ntawm thawj theem yog ua tiav yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog kev siv tswv yim;
- tus kheej ntawm kev ua haujlwm;
- kev tshawb pom ntawm cov qauv dav dav lossis pawg, kev lees paub ntawm kev xav thiab cov hauv paus ntsiab lus;
- qauv ntawm cov txiaj ntsig hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tshaj tawm, tsim cov qauv.
Kev tshawb fawb thiab siv yuav tsis raug ua yog tias muaj lub cev ntawm kev paub tso cai rau tsim cov tswv yim tshiab.
Kev tshawb nrhiav
Kev tshawb fawb yog ua raws li kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb. Kev xaiv ntawm cov txiaj ntsig uas yuav tsim nyog rau kev siv tswv yim thiab muab cov txiaj ntsig ntawm qee qhov txiaj ntsig tau ua. Kev tsim nyog thiab kev lag luam rau kev siv cov khoom tshiab thiab thev naus laus zis tau ua tiav. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov dej num ntawm theem no tuaj yeem yog:
- kev cai lij choj;
- qauv thiab txheej txheem, qauv qauv;
- sketch project;
- npaj ua ntej, suav nrog kos duab, suav, layouts;
- cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb, qhov yuav tsum tau ua thiab lwm cov lus pom zoo rau kev tshawb fawb thiab kev ua haujlwm.
Nyob rau theem no, raws li ib feem ntawm lub voj voog kev tsim kho tshiab, kev sim thiab kev sim ua haujlwm tau ua tiav uas txiav txim siab txog kev txhim kho mus sij hawm ntev, thiab kev tshawb fawb ua haujlwm tau sau tseg thiab ntsuas.
Tsim
raws licov txiaj ntsig tau txais nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev siv cov kev tshawb fawb, kev npaj cov ntaub ntawv (kev siv tshuab thiab kev lag luam, cov duab kos, cov ntawv piav qhia, kev kwv yees thiab kev suav, cov sij hawm, thiab lwm yam) pib rau kev tsim cov khoom tshiab lossis cov thev naus laus zis. Kev tsim kho nyob rau theem no yog qhov txawv ntawm lawv hom: tsim, thev naus laus zis, koom haum, tsim thiab kev soj ntsuam, tsim cov khoom lag luam thawj zaug rau kev sim.
Cov haujlwm no tau npaj ua ntej kev tsim khoom loj. Cov theem no feem ntau ua ke nrog rau yav dhau los hauv R & D thiab tuaj yeem txhais tau tias yog txheej txheem uas nws lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb yog kom paub txog cov kev cia siab thiab kev xav tau ntawm cov neeg siv khoom hauv cov khoom tshiab. Ntawm no cov kev txwv ntawm lub voj voog kev tsim kho tshiab twb tau paub, xws li:
- khoom zoo thiab kev sib tw;
- kev tsim kho, tsim khoom thiab lub sijhawm ua lag luam;
- muaj peev xwm hloov khoom lag luam;
- project pob nyiaj siv.
Production
Nyob rau theem no, 2 kauj ruam tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv:
- Kev tsim cov khoom sim lossis ib daim ntawv luam. (industrial designs), commissioning (commissioning) ntawm technical chaw.
- Kev txhim kho kev lag luam ntawm kev tsim khoom. Nyob rau theem no, tag nrho cov qauv tsim muaj peev xwm ntawm kev tsim khoom (cov khoom siv thiab lub zog siv zog, kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm, tus nqi, peev tsim tawm) thiab kev siv cov kev tsim kho tshiab tau ua tiav.
theem no yuav suav nrog cov haujlwm hauv qab no:
- kev txhim kho ntawm qhov project thev naus laus zis;
- kev pom zoo ntawm cov kev qhia tshwj xeeb, cov qauv ntawm lub Hoobkas;
- tsim cov khoom siv thiab cov cuab yeej;
- rov qhia lossis kev cob qhia siab ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm rau kev tsim kho tshiab;
- kev tsim kho thiab kev teeb tsa ua haujlwm;
- hloov pauv hauv kev them nyiaj lossis kev tsim qauv.
Kev tswj hwm
Innovation cycles yog tswj nyob rau hauv ob lub ntsiab lus qhia:
- ntawm lub xeev;
- ntawm qib micro hauv lub koom haum.
xeev txoj cai yog ua los ntawm cov cuab yeej hauv qab no:
- Institutions uas nws cov dej num muaj feem xyuam rau cov txheej txheem innovation (ministries ntawm kev lag luam kev loj hlob, nyiaj txiag, kev kawm ntawv, lub Center for Strategic Research, cov koom haum rau kev tiv thaiv ntawm kev txawj ntse cov cai thiab lwm yam).
- Txoj cai lij choj, tsoomfwv thiab cov cai tswjfwm kev lag luam.
- Federal funded kev kawm thiab tshawb fawb cov koom haum.
- Infrastructural chaw (technoparks thiab technopolises, cov ntaub ntawv thev naus laus zis, cov nroog tshawb fawb, chaw tsim khoom lag luam thiab lwm yam).
- Cov tuam txhab lag luam rau kev lag luam (cov peev nyiaj lag luam thiab tuam txhab lag luam, qiv thiab tuam txhab pov hwm).
Kev tswj hwm ntawm lub koom haum qib yog ua tiav ntawm txhua theem ntawm lub neej tshiab thiab muaj cov ntsiab lus xws li:
- kev kwv yees, txiav txim siab txoj hauv kev loj hlob zoo tshaj plaws thiab xav tau kev tsim kho tshiab;
- npaj theem thiab muab cov peev txheej rau lawv;
- tshuaj xyuas cov teeb meem uas twb muaj lawm thiab kev ua tau zoo ntawm kev tsim kho tshiab;
- txhim kho ntawm lwm txoj kev daws teeb meem thiab xaiv qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lawv;
- txhim kho kev txiav txim siab tswj hwm;
- saib xyuas cov txiaj ntsig.
