Kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis hloov pauv (NTR) qhia txog qib tam sim no ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis, qhov tshwj xeeb uas yog kev txhim kho sai ntawm cov kev lag luam tshiab thiab kev tshawb pom yav dhau los tsis paub txog kev cai lij choj ntawm xwm. Ntxiv mus, qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev vam meej tsis yog tsuas yog kev tsim kho thev naus laus zis, tab sis kuj yog qhov nthuav dav ntawm kev paub theoretical. Muaj ntau theem ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis hloov pauv, uas muaj lawv tus kheej cov yam ntxwv, cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev loj hlob thiab kev cuam tshuam rau kev kawm ntxiv ntawm kev vam meej. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tseem muaj qhov tsis zoo ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis. Lawv kuj pab txhawb kom muaj kev vam meej.
Lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis hloov pauv thiab nws cov yam ntxwv
Kev hloov pauv ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis tuaj yeem suav tias yog qhov teeb meem ceev ntawm kev txhim kho kev noj qab haus huv. Raws li txoj cai, NTR yog lub sijhawm ntawm lub sijhawm cuam tshuam nrog qee cov txheej txheem keeb kwm. Txawm li cas los xij, nws cuam tshuam rau kev nyob debthiab tam sim no yam ntawm ib puag ncig kev sib raug zoo.
Tseem tsis tau muaj kev pom zoo rau lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis. Qee cov kws tshaj lij txhais tau tias nws yog tus txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov pauv lub zog tsim khoom ntawm tib neeg, thaum lwm tus nkag siab tias nws yog txoj hauv kev los tsim cov tshuab ua haujlwm muaj zog heev. Hauv kev nkag siab dav dua, nws tau thov kom xav txog cov theem ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis hloov pauv raws li cov txheej txheem ntawm kev nce lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv kev txhim kho cov ntaub ntawv thev naus laus zis infrastructure thiab cov tiam tshiab kev txhais tau tias. Nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, lub ntsiab lus yog tshwm sim los ntawm ib tug neeg cov cim qhia ntawm kev vam meej, tab sis kuj muaj ntau yam txawv thiab nta.
Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho, kev tshawb fawb thiab kev kawm txuj ci yog qhov sib txawv ntawm kev kawm txuj ci zoo, uas hloov pauv qhov kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab kev tshawb fawb. Yog li ntawd, lub ntsiab feature ntawm scientific thiab technological kiv puag ncig yog txiav txim los ntawm lub pace ntawm merging science thiab technology rau hauv ib tug txheej txheem. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev txhim kho kev tshawb fawb txog kev siv thev naus laus zis ua qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev txiav txim siab txoj hauv kev ntawm kev txav mus ntxiv thiab kev faib tawm ntawm cov rog ntau lawm.
Koj tuaj yeem hais qhia cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no ntawm cov theem ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis:
- Kev hloov pauv sai hauv kev tsim khoom. Lub sijhawm qhib cov chaw tsim khoom tshiab, lawv qhov kev npaj thiab pib raug txo qis.
- Versatility. Kev tshawb pom tshiab thiab kev tsim kho tshiab rau ntau qib, tab sis cuam tshuam rau txhua qhov kev lag luam thiab qhov chaw ntawm tib neeg lub neej.
- Kev txhim kho tub rog. Cov riam phom tshiab tau txhim kho thiab tshwm sim.
- Kev loj hlob ntawm cov khoom siv raw thiab kev ua haujlwm. Txhim kho qhov zoo ntawm kev txhais tau tias, feem, tsis yogua yam tsis tau txhim kho qhov ntsuas tau zoo ntawm cov khoom muaj feem cuam tshuam.
NTR background
Txawm hais tias cov theem tseem ceeb ntawm kev hloov pauv kev vam meej hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis tau poob rau xyoo pua 20th, nws tsis tuaj yeem hais tias tag nrho cov keeb kwm yav dhau los tau ua yam tsis muaj kev tawg. Lwm qhov yog tias cov kev hloov pauv ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tshawb fawb tau sib cais, kom meej meej tsis sib tshuam. Thawj cov cim qhia ntawm kev sib koom ua ke pib tsuas yog los ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, thaum, nrog kev tshwm sim ntawm kev tsim khoom, nce kev xav tau rau kev thauj mus los, kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam kev sib raug zoo thiab kev taw qhia, kev xav tau los daws cov teeb meem tshwj xeeb tau loj hlob. Lawv tau tsim ntau dua thiab maj mam pom cov lus teb hauv qhov kev paub theoretical, uas dhau mus rau hauv kev sim thiab siv cov ntawv. Lub hauv paus tshiab theem hauv kev sib xyaw ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis yog lub xyoo pua 18th, thaum lub tswv yim tshiab ntawm kev tsim tshuab ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv rau 100 xyoo tom ntej.
Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th, thawj theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm scientific thiab thev naus laus zis kiv puag ncig tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm tag nrho cov kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb pom ntawm electron, kev kawm txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub zog thiab huab hwm coj, thiab lwm yam. pom pom tseeb thiab kwv yees tau.
Cov theem tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis
Nws yog ib txwm ua kom paub qhov txawv ntawm ob theem ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis. Lawv suav hais tias yog cov tseem ceeb, txawm hais tias niaj hnub no qhov thib peb, cov theem niaj hnub no yog qhov ua rau pom kev loj hlob tsis tau pom dua hauv ntau qhov kev lag luam. Ib txoj kev lossis lwm qhov, hauvNyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th, cov nram qab no leaps nyob rau hauv kev loj hlob ntawm scientific thiab technological kiv puag ncig coj qhov chaw:
- Los ntawm 1940 txog 1960 Qhov no yog thawj theem ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis kiv puag ncig, cuam tshuam nrog qhov tsis tau pom dua ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm tag nrho cov pab pawg ntawm cov teb chaws muaj kev lag luam. Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, cov xov tooj cua hauv TV tau nthuav dav, transistors, lub tswv yim qauv ntawm lub computer, satellite systems, thiab lwm yam.
- Los ntawm xyoo 1970 mus txog niaj hnub no. Qhov thib ob theem, tus cwj pwm los ntawm lub siab xav ntawm cov loj tshaj plaws tsim lub teb chaws kom tau tawm ntawm lub systemic ntsoog thiab hloov kev lag luam mus rau hauv lub xeev tom qab kev lag luam. Lub sijhawm no, microprocessors, ntau lawm robots, fiber optic networks, cov ntaub ntawv thev naus laus zis, thiab lwm yam tau tsim.
yam ntxwv ntawm txheej txheem NTR
Raws li cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev txhim kho tseem ceeb, thawj theem pom kev nce qib hauv kev lag luam thiab kev tsim khoom lag luam thoob ntiaj teb. Tawm tsam keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm kev vam meej hauv kev lag luam, muaj kev nce ntxiv ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm ua haujlwm hauv kev pabcuam. Yog li ntawd, cov kev xav tau ntawm kev txawj ntse ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm, lawv cov kev tsim nyog thiab qib ntawm kev kawm dav dav tau nce. Txog niaj hnub no, cov theem tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis hloov pauv hauv ib txoj kev lossis lwm qhov cuam tshuam rau kev lag luam. Txij li thaum xyoo 1970, cov kev hloov pauv hauv qab no tau raug sau tseg:
- Txo qhov kev loj hlob ntawm kev thov rau cov khoom siv raw, cov khoom siv thiab roj.
- Txhua yam kev tsim khoom loj hlob.
- Ua kom zoo thiab txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov qauv logistics hauv kev tsim khoom.
- Kev loj hlob ntawm kev tshawb fawb siv zog hauv kev tsim khoom, uas txiav txim siab qhov nce ntawm kev siv nyiaj ntawm kev tsim thiab kev tshawb fawb.
- Nyob rau hauv kev thov tshiabcov ntaub ntawv, hom zog, thiab lwm yam.
- Kev nrawm nrawm ntawm cov peev txheej tshiab.
- Kev tsim cov kev lag luam tshiab thiab kev hloov pauv hauv kev tsim khoom qub.
- Hloov cov qauv kev ua haujlwm. Cov kev pabcuam yog nyob rau hauv thawj qhov chaw ntawm kev thov.
qauv ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis hloov kho
Raws li twb tau sau tseg lawm, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis yog kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis. Nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv qhia ntxaws, ib tug ntau complex qauv yog nthuav, uas kuj muaj xws li ntau lawm, kev tswj, thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm technology yog ze ze rau kev tsim kho technology. Kev paub txog kev tshawb fawb tseem yog lub hauv paus rau ob qho kev tshwm sim ntawm cov thev naus laus zis tshiab thiab cov tswv yim theoretical ntawm lawv qhov kev siv.
Dab tsi yog science raws li lub hauv paus ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis hloov pauv? Nws yog ib tug complex lub cev ntawm kev txawj ntse. Nws suav nrog txhua qhov chaw ntawm tib neeg kev ua ub no uas qee yam kev txawj raug siv. Nyob rau txhua theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis hloov pauv, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb rau kev tsim khoom tsuas yog nce ntxiv, raws li pom los ntawm kev nce nqi ntawm cov teb chaws thiab cov koom haum rau kev tshawb fawb.
Qhov txuas "Tsev-Tsev" ua raws li kev hloov pauv ntawm kev tshawb fawb mus rau kev tsim khoom ncaj qha. Hauv qhov no, txoj kev txhim kho tuaj yeem hloov kho thiab hloov pauv. Ntxiv mus, txoj kev thib ob yog kev txhim kho tas mus li thiab kev ua kom zoo dua qub, uas tso cai rau kom muaj peev xwm ntawm cov cuab yeej siv, tshuab thiab chav nyob. Txhawm rau piav qhia txog cov txheej txheem no, peb tuaj yeem ua piv txwv ntawm cov nkoj thauj dej hiav txwv, uas nyob rau xyoo 1950 tuaj yeem tuav tau txog li 50,000 tons roj, thiab los ntawm xyoo 1970 yog qhov muaj zog tshaj plaws.cov qauv pib ua haujlwm txog li 500,000 tons.
Lub nrawm ntawm kev tsim cov peev txheej yog txiav txim siab tsis yog los ntawm cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb, tab sis kuj los ntawm kev xa khoom nrog cov qauv kev lag luam. Electrification thiab mechanization tau dhau los ua qhov kev txhim kho tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim khoom ntawm thawj theem ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis hloov pauv. Txog niaj hnub no, kev tsim kho thev naus laus zis tso cai rau kev teeb tsa tsis yog tsuas yog chaw ua haujlwm nrog cov khoom me me thiab cov txheej txheem, tab sis kuj hloov pauv cov ntsiab lus nyob ib sab ntawm cov qauv tsim khoom.
Kev tswj hwm hauv cov qauv ntawm kev hloov pauv kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis kuj tsim nyog tau hais tshwj xeeb. Nws qhov tseem ceeb tau loj hlob niaj hnub no vim cov ntaub ntawv nthuav dav, kev hloov pauv hauv cov cuab yeej sib txuas lus, kev ruaj ntseg, thiab lwm yam. Ib qho ntawm cov chaw tshiab tshaj plaws uas cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau cov tswv yim ntawm kev tswj xyuas niaj hnub no tuaj yeem hu ua cybernetics thiab, feem ntau, txoj hauv kev ua cov ntaub ntawv.
Txoj kev ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis niaj hnub
Lub sijhawm thib ob ntawm kev hloov pauv kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis, raws li ntau qhov kev kwv yees, tseem tsis tau xaus thiab feem ntau txiav txim siab txog kev txhim kho ntawm qee thaj chaw. Feem ntau cov no yog kev lag luam uas tseem tsis tuaj yeem ua yam tsis muaj kev siv tshuab, phau ntawv tuav lub zog thiab cov khoom siv raw. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, theem tam sim no ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis hloov pauv tau pib hauv XXI, txawm hais tias, dua, lub sijhawm ua haujlwm yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg, vim tias kev nce qib yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm kev txhim kho ncaj qha.
Nws tuaj yeem hais tau tias kev hloov pauv mus rau lub tswv yim tshiab ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis tau cim los ntawm kev nkag mus rau lub sijhawm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm hauv zej zog. Kev nkag siab zoo txog kev hloov pauv ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis hauv lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub no tau dhau los uamultifaceted thiab complex. Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov theem dhau los yog nyob rau hauv cov yam ntxwv uas txiav txim siab cov kev hloov pauv hauv kev ua haujlwm thiab kev lag luam. Piv txwv li, kev nce qib hauv kev sib txuas lus cov ntaub ntawv yog ntxiv rau cov khoom ib txwm muaj ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis. Nws, nyob rau hauv lem, txiav txim siab tsis muaj ntau npaum li cas cuam tshuam rau ntau lawm raws li nyob rau hauv lub social lub neej ntawm haiv neeg. Qhov kev hloov pauv hauv zej zog tau nce qhov hnyav, hloov pauv qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tib neeg lub neej.
Tab sis dab tsi yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm theem tam sim no ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis hloov pauv hauv kev cuam tshuam nrog kev tsim khoom lag luam xws li? Cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis ntawm cov tiam tshiab niaj hnub no yog nyob ntawm cov khoom siv sib txuas, ob qho tib si automated thiab robotic. Cov pab pawg sib txawv tau koom nrog hauv kev saib xyuas cov cuab yeej, yog li cov hauv paus ntsiab lus tshiab rau kev teeb tsa kev ua haujlwm kuj tuaj yeem ua ntej. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tshawb fawb, kev tsim, kev tsim kho, kev tswj xyuas thiab kev tsim khoom ncaj qha yog intertwined thiab pib nyob ntawm ib leeg. Hauv qhov no, muaj teeb meem hauv kev tsim khoom hauv cov xwm txheej tshiab. Txhawm rau kom ua tau raws li cov kev cov nyom tshiab ntawm kev ua kom qhov nyuaj ntawm kev ua haujlwm sib koom ua ke, cov tswv yim tshiab ntawm kev tswj tus kheej tau qhia los ntawm kev tshawb fawb nrog kev sib txuas ntawm cov khoos phis tawj niaj hnub, kev koom tes thiab cov cuab yeej sib txuas lus.
Cov lus qhia tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis
Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab txhim kho sai tshaj plaws suav nrog microelectronics, genetic engineering, nanotechnology, catalysis, laser systems, thiab lwm yam.
Tshwj xeeb, microelectronics yog qhov piv txwv tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam li cascuam tshuam ntau yam ntawm lub neej - los ntawm multimedia kev lom zem tshuab mus rau kev kho mob thiab tub rog kev lag luam. Ntxiv mus, nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm, cov theem thiab cov lus qhia ntawm scientific thiab thev naus laus zis kiv puag ncig yog nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb kev twb kev txuas. Piv txwv li, tib lub microelectronics koom nrog kev txhim kho ergonomics, raug thiab ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv metrological. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, laser thev naus laus zis muaj ntau txoj hauv kev paub txog qhov muag pom, uas ua tiav cov cuab yeej siv tau zoo heev.
Tseem muaj cov lus qhia ntsig txog tsis yog siv tshuab xwb, tab sis kuj rau tus neeg ncaj qha. Kev taw qhia txog kev sib xyaw ua ke hauv lub cim tshiab ntawm cov khoos phis tawj ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj peev xwm txawj ntse ntawm tib neeg. Hauv tsev neeg, lawv hloov ib tus neeg los daws teeb meem kev lag luam. Cov tshuab no tau tshwm sim yuav luag los ntawm thawj xyoo ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis txij li kev txhim kho hnyav ntawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev. Yuav ua li cas, los ntawm qhov pom ntawm ib tug neeg zoo tib yam, yuav yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis nyob rau theem tam sim no? Raws li txoj cai, qhov zoo hauv qab no ntawm cov khoom yog qhov txawv, uas ntawm cov zis tso cai rau koj kom tau txais lub sijhawm tam sim no kev hloov pauv kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis:
- Kev ua tau zoo.
- Kev tsis txaus ntseeg.
- Lub peev xwm los daws cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb thiab tsis yog tus qauv.
- Muaj peev xwm siv nyiaj hauv qhov xwm txheej hnyav.
- Kev kawm tus kheej.
Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev hloov pauv kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub thiab thev naus laus zis
Nws ntseeg tias kev txhim kho ntawm cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm hluav taws xob ib puag ncig coj mus rau kev tsim "lub koom haum ntawm cov thev naus laus zis siab." Cov txheej txheem ntawm complex robotization ntawm ntau lawm twb launched,uas ua rau kom txo tau ntau yam ntawm cov cuab yeej siv yooj yim thiab cov khoom sib dhos, nrog rau cov neeg ua haujlwm tu. Qhov thib peb theem ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis kev loj hlob yog ze ze rau kev koom ua ke ntawm CNC tshuab, kev taw qhia ntawm high-precision machining thiab tswj chaw rau hauv cov kab ntau lawm. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, automated systems tsis tau dhau los ntawm kev lag luam thiab kev pabcuam nyiaj txiag. Kev tshawb fawb nws tus kheej, nrog lub koom haum ntawm kev paub, tau hloov mus rau hauv kev lag luam muaj zog, cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo uas tsis tau pom dua li kev ntseeg siab lawm.
Tau kawg, tag nrho cov txheej txheem saum toj no kuj tau ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv ntiaj teb. Kev ua haujlwm tau dhau los ua kev txawj ntse, thiab cov chav kawm ua haujlwm tau poob nws txoj haujlwm ua qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov pejxeem. Los ntawm txoj kev, thawj theem ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis hloov pauv tau muaj qhov cuam tshuam rau qhov sib txawv ntawm cov neeg sib txawv. Tseem muaj qhov tshwm sim tsis zoo. Ib qho kev mob tshwm sim uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis tuaj yeem raug hu ua kev poob haujlwm loj, thiab qhov xwm txheej, raws li cov kws tshaj lij, tsuas yog yuav tshwm sim. Txawm hais tias nyob rau theem thib ob ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis, ntau lub tebchaws sab hnub poob tau ntsib nrog qhov xav tau los ua cov kev hloov pauv hauv zej zog-kev coj noj coj ua nyob rau tib lub sijhawm nrog kev hloov pauv txuj ci - txwv tsis pub muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev kub ntxhov ntawm kev nom kev tswv nce ntxiv.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Biotechnology
Cov cheeb tsam ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis tuaj yeem tsim lub hauv paus rau kev kawm ntau xyoo tom ntej. Nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no saib, lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj kev loj hlob thiab kev siv ntawm biotechnologies yuav tsum yog ib tug economically thiab ib puag ncig kev nyab xeeb kev hloov ntawm ib txwm zog mus rausiv lwm qhov chaw siv hluav taws xob raws li cov peev txheej txuas ntxiv mus. Raws li nyob rau hauv thawj theem ntawm scientific thiab thev naus laus zis kiv puag ncig, cov lus qhia tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv cov cheeb tsam high-tech qhib lub sijhawm rau ntau yam kev siv. Tsis tas li ntawd, bio- thiab nanotechnologies, yog tias tsim tau tiav, tuaj yeem tsim tag nrho lub platform rau kev txhawb nqa kev lag luam thiab lub zog hauv kev nkag siab dav. Cov dej num tau teeb tsa tuaj yeem daws tau los ntawm kev siv cov txheej txheem tshiab rau kev tsuas, los ntawm kev rov ua dua cov khoom pov tseg thiab tau txais cov ntaub ntawv tshiab.
Dab tsi yog qhov tseem ceeb dua, theem tam sim no ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis hloov pauv tsis quav ntsej txog qhov teeb meem ntawm kev ruaj ntseg zaub mov. Kev loj hlob ntawm cov peev txheej thiab kev kub ntxhov ib puag ncig yog ze rau biotechnology, thiab niaj hnub no muaj ntau qhov kev txhim kho ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txo tau lossis, tsawg kawg, qeeb lub nra ntawm ntau yam teeb meem hauv kev ua liaj ua teb. Txaus nws los hais txog kev txhim kho cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm kev tiv thaiv cov kab mob nroj tsuag, txoj hauv kev tshiab los ua kom cov khoom tsim tau zoo, kev yug me nyuam, thiab lwm yam.
Zoo kawg
Qib ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm noob neej tuaj yeem muab piv nrog lub ncov ntawm kev txhim kho kev ua liaj ua teb nyob rau hauv Neolithic lossis nrog kev lag luam boom thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th. Ntxiv mus, yog hais tias yav dhau los, intensive kev loj hlob impulses nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub zos thiab cuam tshuam feem ntau ntawm cov technical sab ntawm lub neej ntawm lub neej, ces lub tshiab theem ntawm scientific thiab thev naus laus zis kiv puag ncig ua rau loj structural hloov tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub tsim thiab technology niche, tab sis kuj cuam tshuam txog kev sib raug zoo.haiv neeg. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev sib raug zoo thiab cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ua tiav thev naus laus zis tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab nyob rau hauv kev sib cais ntawm ib leeg. Nws yog nrog qhov no uas tsis yog tsuas yog qhov zoo tshwm sim ntawm lub sijhawm tshiab ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis hloov pauv tau txuas nrog, tab sis kuj tseem muaj cov teeb meem uas cov kws tshaj lij ntawm kev vam meej ntsib, thiab tsis yog xwb..
