Limestone yog ib lub pob zeb ntuj, uas yog cov pob zeb mos ntawm cov organic lossis organo-chemical keeb kwm, muaj feem ntau ntawm calcium carbonate (calcite). Feem ntau nws muaj impurities ntawm quartz, phosphate, silicon, av nplaum thiab xuab zeb hais, nrog rau cov calcareous seem ntawm pob txha ntawm cov kab mob. Hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb yuav ua tib zoo saib cov khoom siv ntuj no, nws hom, cov khoom thiab cov peev txheej, thiab tseem nrhiav seb cov tshuaj formula ntawm limestone yog dab tsi, thiab ntau ntxiv.
Limestone Formation
Ua ntej, cia peb saib seb cov zaub mov no tau tsim li cas. Limestone feem ntau yog tsim nyob rau hauv cov dej ntiav ntiav, txawm tias tseem muaj dej tshiab. Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm deposits thiab txheej. Qee lub sij hawm nws precipitates, zoo li gypsum thiab ntsev, los ntawm cov dej hiav txwv evaporating.pas dej thiab pas dej. Txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau ntawm nws tau tso rau hauv hiav txwv, uas tsis muaj kev ziab hnyav. Kev tsim cov pob zeb limestone feem ntau pib nrog kev tso tawm calcium carbonate los ntawm cov kab mob nyob hauv dej hiav txwv los tsim cov pob txha thiab cov plhaub. Cov seem ntawm cov kab mob tuag no sau ntau ntau ntawm cov dej hiav txwv. Cov piv txwv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev rho tawm thiab khaws cov calcium carbonate yog coral reefs. Yog li, qee zaum, ib tus neeg lub plhaub tuaj yeem pom ntawm qhov tawg ntawm limestone pob zeb. Nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm lub hiav txwv tam sim no thiab raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm nthwv dej thiab surfs, reefs raug puas tsuaj. Thiab nyob rau hauv lub seabed, calcium carbonate yog ntxiv rau cov limestone fragments, uas precipitates los ntawm cov dej saturated nrog nws. Tsis tas li ntawd, calcite, uas yog los ntawm cov pob zeb thaum ub puas lawm, yog koom nrog hauv kev tsim cov pob zeb limestone.
Ntau yam
Muaj ntau hom limestone. Nws yog kev cai hu rau lub plhaub pob zeb ib qho tsub zuj zuj ntawm cov plhaub thiab lawv cov fragments cemented rau hauv pob zeb cellular. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub thaum lub plhaub me me heev, mos, xoob khi, smearing, finely crumbling limestone yog tsim - chalk. Lub pob zeb oolitic muaj me me, ntses-qe-loj, cemented pob. Lub hauv paus ntawm lawv txhua tus tuaj yeem sawv cev los ntawm ib feem ntawm lub plhaub, cov xuab zeb, lossis lwm yam khoom siv txawv teb chaws. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub thaum cov pob loj dua, piv txwv li, nrog cov taum pauv, lawv feem ntau hu ua pisolites, thiab pob zeb, feem, pisolite limestone. Tom ntej nontau yam yog travertine - nws yog tsim nyob rau saum npoo thaum nag lossis daus ntawm aragonite los yog calcite los ntawm cov dej ntawm cov pa roj carbon dioxide. Yog hais tias xws li deposits muaj ib tug heev ntxeem tau puag (spongy), nws yog hu ua tuff. Ib qho kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm av nplaum thiab calcium carbonate yog hu ua marl.
Ntxiv rau, limestones yuav txawv xim. Lub ntsiab xim yog dawb. Tab sis nws tuaj yeem ua tau daj, lub teeb beige, lub teeb grey, feem ntau me ntsis pinkish. Dawb-liab thiab dawb-daj yug yog suav tias yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws.
Limestone formula
Raws li tau hais ua ntej, cov khoom siv ntuj no feem ntau yog cov calcite lossis calcite seem ntawm cov pob txha thiab cov plhaub, tsis tshua muaj aragonite. Qhov no txhais tau tias cov mis mos limestone yuav zoo li no: CaCO3. Txawm li cas los xij, pob zeb ntshiab yog qhov tsawg heev, qee zaum nws suav nrog ntau yam impurities ntawm quartz, av nplaum ntxhia, dolomites, gypsum, pyrite thiab, ntawm chav kawm, organic residues. Yog li, dolometic limestone (cov qauv ntawm cov pob zeb no suav nrog MgO) muaj los ntawm plaub mus rau kaum xya feem pua ntawm magnesium oxides, marl - txog 21 feem pua cov kua qaub oxides (SiO2+R 2 O3). Cov carbonate tuaj yeem suav nrog dolomites CaMg (CO3)2, FeCO3 thiab MnCO 3, hauv me me - oxides, sulfides thiab hydroxides ntawm Fe, Ca3(PO4) 2, CaSO4.
Limestone: khoom thiab kev siv
Lub cev thiab lub cev tsis muaj zog ntawm lub pob zeb no yog qhov tsis sib xws, tab sis ncaj qha nyob ntawm nws qhov kev ntxhib los mos thiab qauv. Cov tub ntxhais kawm theem nrab xav txog cov khoom ntawm limestone (Qib 4) los ntawm qhov pom ntawm nws cov yam ntxwv sab nraud. Lawv kawm txog cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no: xim, ntom, lub zog, kev mob, solubility. Peb yuav mus ntxiv me ntsis thiab xav txog qhov tob no cov khoom ntawm cov ntxhia. Limestone muaj qhov ceev ntawm 2700-2900 kg/m3. Qhov kev hloov pauv no tau piav qhia los ntawm tus nqi ntawm impurities muaj nyob rau hauv quartz, dolomite thiab lwm yam minerals. Lub volumetric huab hwm coj sib txawv ntawm ntau qhov loj dua. Yog li, rau travertines thiab plhaub pob zeb, nws tsuas yog 800 kg/m 3, thaum rau cov pob zeb crystalline nws nce mus txog 2800 kg / m 3. Xav txog cov khoom ntawm limestone, nws yuav tsum raug coj mus rau hauv tus account tias lub zog compressive ntawm pob zeb ncaj qha nyob ntawm nws qhov ntom ntom. Yog li hauv pob zeb pob zeb nws tsuas yog 0.4 MPa, thiab hauv Afanites nws mus txog 300 MPa. Cov yam ntxwv saum toj no ntawm pob zeb txiav txim siab siv cov ntaub ntawv no. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho, denser limestone yog siv rau nteg phab ntsa, thaum porous limestone yog zoo rau cladding thiab tsim cov hniav ensembles.
cuam tshuam ntawm huab cua
Nyob ntawm cov av noo, cov khoom ntawm limestone yuav hloov. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, qhov no cuam tshuam rau nws lub zog - nws noticeably txo yog hais tias lub pob zeb yog wetted. Tsis tas li ntawd, feem ntau deposits yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm pob zeb heterogeneity. Nyob rau ntawm lub sijhawm no, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau them nyiaj tshwj xeeb, txij li cov khoom siv heterogeneous yuav muaj qhov sib txawvceev, uas, nyob rau hauv lem, yuav ua rau kev puas tsuaj. Thaum soj ntsuam cov khoom ntawm limestone, ib tug yuav tsum tsis txhob tsis quav ntsej xws li ib tug parameter raws li Frost tsis kam: qhov no ho cuam tshuam lub zog ntawm cov ntxhia thiab lub sij hawm ntawm nws siv. Yog li, nyob rau hauv crystalline limestones, Frost tsis kam yog 300-400 cycles. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov ntsuas no tau pom zoo txo qis thaum muaj cov kab nrib pleb thiab qhov hws hauv cov khoom. Yog li, tag nrho cov lus hais ntawm limestone yuav tsum raug coj mus rau hauv tus account thaum siv cov khoom ntuj no txhawm rau tiv thaiv nws txoj kev puas tsuaj.
Limestone hauv kev tsim kho
Kev tsim kho kev lag luam yog cov neeg siv khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntxhia uas peb tab tom xav txog. Dolomitized (pob zeb) limestone yog siv los tsim cov putty thiab plaster sib tov, sealants thiab lwm yam. Dawb limestone yog siv ntau hauv kev kho kom zoo nkauj thiab kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm lub tsev. Plhaub pob zeb feem ntau pom raws li lub tsev thaiv, thiab lwm yam. Peb yuav tsis tsom rau qhov kev lag luam no, nws twb tau paub dav rau txhua tus. Thiab yog li ntawd peb mus rau.
Limestone hauv kev tsim khoom niaj hnub no
Nws hloov tawm tias cov khoom siv ntuj no yog siv los tsim cov xim, roj hmab thiab cov yas. Thiab purified los ntawm impurities teeb meem rau tib neeg lub cev, nws yog siv txawm nyob rau hauv kev lag luam khoom noj khoom haus. Kev ua iav tsis tuaj yeem tsis muaj limestone, raws li nwsyog lub hauv paus ntawm calcium. Cov tsiaj no tau dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb, thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, ib qho khoom siv pheej yig rau kev tsim cov ntawv. Nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub, peb niaj hnub siv cov khoom xws li kav, linoleum, vuas, vuas, thiab lwm yam, thiab peb tsis paub tias limestone kuj muaj nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov khoom no. Txawm tias cov khoom siv yas (PP, PVC, kremplens, lavsan, thiab lwm yam) tsis tuaj yeem ua yam tsis muaj cov khoom siv raw no. Cov xim siv calcium carbonate ua xim xim. Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, cov khoom siv no tuav txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv yuav luag txhua qhov kev lag luam.
tshuaj lom neeg kev lag luam
Txawm yam khoom xws li khau polish, tshuaj txhuam hniav, tshuaj txhuam hniav, thiab lwm yam, uas peb siv txhua hnub, yog cov khoom siv ntawm limestone. Cov khoom siv raw no tseem siv rau hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv los tiv thaiv ib puag ncig los ntawm ntau yam kev ua qias tuaj. Raws li cov lus hais saum toj no, peb tuaj yeem hais yam xyuam xim tias cov khoom siv dav dav thiab siv tau, uas yog limestone, yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev vam meej niaj hnub no.
Npaj qhov tseeb
Cov neeg ntawm South thiab Central America tau ua haujlwm zoo rau kev txhim kho pob zeb. Lub Olmecs, Aztecs, Maya tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev muaj peev xwm ua riam phom, txiav cov cuab yeej thiab lwm yam khoom siv hauv tsev los ntawm chalcedony, obsidian thiab silicon. Yog li, dov pins, grain grinders, mortars, thiab lwm yam yog tsim los ntawm lawv los ntawm bas alt, sandstones thiab limestones. Percussion thiab chopping cov cuab yeej yog tsim los ntawm diorite, jadeite, jade thiab lwm yamcov ntaub ntawv. Lub chaw ua pob zeb tseem ceeb yog lub nroog Mayan - Tonina thiab Nebach.
