Lub keeb kwm ntawm kev sau ntawv rov qab mus rau qhov kev coj noj coj ua qub. Nws yog thaum ntawd cov neeg pib tsim cov txuj ci los qhia ntau yam lus siv kos duab. Ib me ntsis tom qab, ib tug neeg tuaj rau qhov yooj yim ntawm depicting lub ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv kev sau ntawv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm lub suab, uas, nyob rau hauv lem, denoted cov ntawv. Qhov no yog li cas cov tsiaj ntawv thaum ub tau tshwm sim. Thawj lo lus raug kaw qhov twg thiab yuav ua li cas? Dab tsi yog qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv thaum ub thiab koj tswj kom kov yeej nws li cas? Wb sim saib seb…
Sumerian cuneiform
Thawj txheej txheem ntawm kev sau cov cim, raws li keeb kwm, tau tshwm sim li tsib thiab ib nrab txhiab xyoo dhau los hauv kev ua liaj ua teb ntawm Sumerians, cov neeg uas nyob nruab nrab ntawm tus dej Tigris thiab Euphrates. Txoj kev sau ntawv, hu ua "cuneiform", muaj cov cim squeezing ntawm ib daim duab plaubntub av nplaum pobzeb nrog ib tug sharpened stick tuav ntawm ib tug me ntsis kaum sab xis. Tom ntej no, cov vuas tau qhuav nyob rau hauv lub hnub los yog raug rho tawm hauv ib lub kiln.
Siv cov cim cuneiform, cov Sumerians tau qhia lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus hauv daim ntawv stylized. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv kuj muaj cov npe rau qee qhov tsis paub meej ("lub teeb", "lub sijhawm"). Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, muaj ntau tshaj li ob txhiab lub cim ntawm kev sau duab. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj ob peb ntawm lawv los qhia lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus nyuaj, yog li Sumerians tau qhia txog lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm phonetic. Ib lub cim uas cuam tshuam nrog qee lub suab tuaj yeem siv los txheeb xyuas lwm yam khoom los ntawm lub suab ntawd. Txoj ntsiab cai no tsim lub hauv paus ntawm kev sau ntawv ntawm peb lub sijhawm.
Hieroglyphics ntawm Ancient Egypt
Kev sau ntawv hauv tebchaws Iziv pib thaum xyoo pua plaub xyoo BC. Thaum pib, cov ntaub ntawv tau tsim los siv cov duab raws li kev cai - cov tsiaj ntawv thaum ub tau tshwm sim nyob rau theem tom ntej.
Ancient Egyptian sau sau ua ke ntau ntau yam:
- hieroglyphic - daim ntawv sau ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm cov neeg Iyiv. Nws yog raws li kev siv cov duab, lossis cov duab kos; Cov ntawv kev cai dab qhuas feem ntau tau muab sau ua li no;
- hieratic - daim ntawv yooj yim ntawm kev sau ntawv hieroglyphic. Nws yog ib hom "hais lus", yooj yim rau kev tswj hwm cov ntaub ntawv raug cai thiab kev lag luam;
- demotic - ntau tom qab thiab yooj yim dua daim ntawv ntawm kev lag luam kev sau ntawv, cov cim uas dais me ntsis zoo ib yam li yav dhau loshieroglyphs.
Txawm li cas los xij, hauv txhua qhov xwm txheej ntawm Egyptian kev sau ntawv, muaj qhov sib txawv uas ib qho kos npe tuaj yeem txhais tau tias tag nrho lub tswv yim, lub suab, thiab lub suab sib cais. Tsis tas li ntawd, kuj tseem muaj cov cim tshwj xeeb - kev txiav txim siab, uas ua haujlwm rau kev piav qhia ntxiv ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm ib qho duab.
Nrog kev pab los ntawm hieroglyphs, raws li txoj cai, monumental inscriptions tau carved rau ntawm pob zeb. Hieratic thiab demotic tau sau rau ntawm reed papyrus nrog number case.
Phoenicia lossis Seir: leej twg xub tsim cov tsiaj ntawv
Qhov kev ua tau zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev txhim kho kev sau ntawv yog kev tsim thawj cov tsiaj ntawv. Raws li txoj kev xav, nws cov neeg tsim khoom yog Phoenicians. Rau qhov yooj yim ntawm kev lag luam nrog cov neeg uas hais lus sib txawv, thawj zaug hauv 11th-10th centuries BC, lawv tau siv lub suab alpha-sound rau sau cov ntsiab lus.
Txawm li cas los xij, muaj qhov thib ob ntawm keeb kwm ntawm thawj tus tsiaj ntawv. Nws qhov kev tsim kho yog ntaus nqi rau cov neeg nyob hauv Seir, thaj chaw suab puam nyob sab qab teb ntawm Hiav Txwv Tuag. Nws paub tias Seirs tau hais lawv hom lus. Rov qab rau xyoo 19th BC, cov neeg Iyiv, uas tau tsim cov kev mus ncig mus rau Sinai Peninsula, tau ntiav lawv kom nce lawv cov units. Nws ntseeg tau tias cov ntaub ntawv sau los ntawm Seir tus saib xyuas thiab cov thawj coj thiab tau txais los ntawm cov neeg Iyiv hauv daim ntawv ceeb toom nws thiaj li coj mus rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv. Cov neeg tawm tsam ntawm qhov kev xav no tau hais tias cov ntaub ntawv ntxov tshaj plaws uas siv cov cim ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv tau tsim los ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv Seir.
Phoenician ntawv. Dab tsi yog qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv qub
Cov tsiaj ntawv Phoenician suav nrog nees nkaum ob tsab ntawv. Qee cov cim tau qiv los ntawm cov txheej txheem sau ntawv uas twb muaj lawm: Egyptian, Cretan, Babylonian. Tag nrho cov tsiaj ntawv ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv thaum ub tau piav qhia raws li daim duab kos duab ntawm ib yam khoom, lub npe uas pib nrog lub suab sib xws rau tsab ntawv muab. Muaj lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib piv cov style ntawm txhua tsab ntawv, nws cov lus thiab lub npe. Paub tias cov Phoenicians sau los ntawm sab xis mus rau sab laug.
Dab tsi yog qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv qub? Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nyob rau hauv lub fact tias nws depicted tsuas consonants thiab semivowels. Cov lus tsuas yog tshem tawm thaum sau.
Tom qab ntawd, cov tsiaj ntawv Phoenician thaum ub tau los ua lub hauv paus rau txhua lwm yam tsiaj ntawv-s suab nrov, suav nrog cov nyob sab Europe.
Greek yog ib hom lus sau qub tshaj plaws
Lub ntsiab lus pib rau kev txhim kho ntawm tag nrho cov tsiaj ntawv Western yog kev sau ntawv ntawm Greeks thaum ub. Los ntawm 403 BC, lawv tau tsim ib qho kev sau ntawv hu ua "Ionic sau". Cov tsiaj ntawv Greek thaum chiv keeb muaj nees nkaum plaub tsab ntawv. Thawj cov ntawv sau hauv cov lus no tau tshawb pom los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm yav dhau los tau kos rau ntawm pob zeb lossis pleev xim rau ntawm cov khoom siv ceramic.
Dab tsi yog qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv Greek thaum ub? Cov ntawv sau thawj zaug uas tau nqes los rau peb tau pom los ntawm cov ntawv uas muaj cov duab geometric nruj thiab tib qhov kev ncua deb.nruab nrab ntawm cov hlua thiab ib tus cim.
Tom qab cov ntawv, uas tau sau tes lawm, muaj cov tsiaj ntawv sib npaug, nrog rau kev sau cov lus txuas ntxiv. Sij hawm dhau mus, ob hom tsiaj ntawv tsim nyob rau hauv Greek tsab ntawv - loj thiab me.
Tom qab ntawd cov tsiaj ntawv Greek tau qiv los ntawm cov neeg Loos. Lawv tau tso nws cov ntawv ntau yam tsis hloov pauv thiab ntxiv ib co ntawm lawv tus kheej rau lawv. Niaj hnub no, cov tsiaj ntawv Roman (Latin) tau siv dav, lub sijhawm no nws tau hloov me ntsis.
