Zaj lus no yuav mob siab rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov tshwm sim los nag lossis daus. Ntawm no peb yuav xav txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev tsim ntawm qhov tshwm sim, qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib kis, cov yam ntxwv dav dav, lub luag haujlwm hauv tib neeg lub neej thiab ntau ntxiv.
Qhia rau qhov tshwm sim
Ntxhais nag yog ib qho tshwm sim ntawm ib hom serological, thaum lub sij hawm uas soluble antigens cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab, vim li ntawd, nag lossis daus tau pom - nag lossis daus.
Cov yam ntxwv dav dav ntawm cov nag lossis daus cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog ib daim ntawv ntawm kev sib koom tes ntawm antigen thiab antibody. Cov kev sib cuam tshuam no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txiav txim siab qhov muaj cov antigens tsis paub hauv cov tshuaj ntsuam xyuas los ntawm kev ntxiv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Cov txheej txheem nag lossis daus yam tsis muaj ntsev yuav tshwm sim zuj zus, thiab qhov zoo tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm 7.0-7.4 pH.
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv
Muaj peb lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nag lossis daus:
- Ib qho antigen muaj qhov xwm txheej molecular. Nws yog nyob rau hauv zoo hom xeev, nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, nwssoluble. Tsis tas li ntawd, xws li ib tug antigen hu ua precipitogen, uas yog ib tug lysate los yog cov ntaub so ntswg extract, thiab lwm yam. Ib tug precipitogen muaj ib tug yam ntxwv txawv los ntawm ib tug agglutinogen, uas nyob rau hauv qhov luaj li cas ntawm cov khoom uas nws muaj. Agglutinogen muaj qhov loj me ntawm tes, thiab cov precipitogens zoo sib xws nrog qhov loj ntawm cov molecule. Cov tshuaj antigen yog yam ntxwv los ntawm pob tshab.
- Ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv pom nyob rau hauv tib neeg cov ntshav ntshav, nrog rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, uas muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas tau kawm.
- Electrolytes yog sodium chloride daws uas yog isotonic.
Precipitogen ntau lawm
Teeb tsa cov nag lossis daus tsis tuaj yeem yog tsis muaj precipitogen, uas tau los ntawm kev sib tsoo cov ntaub ntawv thiab rho tawm cov protein antigens los ntawm lawv. Extraction tshwm sim los ntawm boiling los yog lwm txoj kev.
Lysates, nrog rau cov ntaub so ntswg thiab lub cev rho tawm, ntshav ntshav, ntau hom filtrates raws li microbial broth kab lis kev cai, nrog rau ntsev extract ntawm microorganisms thiab autolysate tshuaj, yog ib tug striking piv txwv ntawm precipitogens.
Tsab dej nag
Tam sim no cia peb xav txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev teeb tsa cov nag lossis daus.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nag lossis daus tau ua, uas tshwm sim hauv cov raj xa dej tshwj xeeb. Serum yog nkag mus rau hauv kab noj hniav ntawm cov tais diav, ncuav nws hla phab ntsa nrog kev pab los ntawm ib tug pipette spout. Tom ntej no, qhov tsim nyog tus nqi ntawm precipitator yog ua tib zoo muab tso rau saum toj, thiab tom qab ntawd lub raj raug coj mus rau txoj hauj lwm ntsug los ntawm kab rov tav. Kev teeb tsa thiab coj mus rau hauv tus account cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nag lossis daus yog kev ua haujlwm zoo heev. Cov txiaj ntsig tau sau tseg tom qab qhov pom ntawm lub nplhaib dawb ntawm ciam teb ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Yog hais tias cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sib raug rau ib leeg, ces lawv khi, tab sis qhov no yuav tshwm sim tom qab lub sij hawm ntev ntawm lawv cov kev sib cuam tshuam. swb, qhov twg agar gel yog pauv, thov nws nyob rau hauv ib txheej me me. Tom qab nws hardens nyob rau hauv lub gel, ib tug me me lub qhov dej raug txiav tawm mus rau hauv uas antigens thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav muab tso rau. Muaj ob txoj hauv kev los ua qhov kev txiav txim no: txoj kev ntawm radial immunodiffusion thiab ob chav immunodiffusion.
cov ntaub ntawv dav dav
Lub tshuab ua haujlwm ntawm nag lossis daus zoo ib yam li cov cuab yeej agglutination. Nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, cov antigen, uas twb tau nkag mus rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, txo nws cov degree ntawm dispersity. Ib qho xwm txheej tseem ceeb yog qhov pom tseeb ntawm cov ntshav thiab cov tshuaj antigen.
Koj tuaj yeem txhim kho kev sau npe ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog tias koj superimpose antigens ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Yog li ntawd, cov tsos ntawm precipitates nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib lub nplhaib tuaj yeem pom. Qhov tshwm sim no yog hu ua lub nplhaib nag lossis daus thiab yog nqa tawm hauv cov raj tshwj xeeb uas muaj txoj kab uas hla ntawm 2.5 txog 3.5 hli. Ib qho piv txwv feem ntau ntawm cov nag lossis daus tshwm sim yog kev kuaj mob ntawm anthrax.
Ntxhis ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txiav txim siab txog qib ntawm toxigenicity ntawm kab mob diphtheria hauv agar.
Thaum cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim siab.nag lossis daus ntawm antigenic complexes thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwm sim. Dej nag yog ib qho tshwm sim ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob uas tso cai rau koj los txiav txim seb cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob hauv cov ntshav ntawm tus neeg mob lossis cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thiab cov tsiaj.
Titration Consequence
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub tias cov ntaub ntawv tau txais los ntawm titration ntawm cov txheej txheem saum toj no tsis suav tau. Txhawm rau tsim thiab txheeb xyuas qhov kev ntsuas ntau ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, cov txheej txheem tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb tau tsim los ntawm M. Heidelberger thiab E. Kabat, uas yog raws li kev tshawb nrhiav thiab kev txheeb xyuas ntawm thaj tsam sib npaug. Kev sib xyaw cov hnub nyoog ntawm cov tshuaj antigens nrog lub ntim tas li ntawm antiserum ua rau muaj kev nce ntxiv hauv thawj zaug tsim precipitate, thiab tom qab ntawd dua nws txo qis vim muaj peev xwm ua kom yaj cov antigen complexes. Los ntawm kev txiav txim siab tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob hauv cov supernatants uas muaj nyob rau hauv txhua lub raj, koj tuaj yeem pom tias qee cov tais diav nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav tsis muaj kua. Ntawm no, nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog rau lwm cov hlab ntsha, qhov loj tshaj plaws precipitate yuav tsim. Vim qhov no thiab rho tawm ntawm antigenic protein precipitate los ntawm tag nrho cov nqi ntawm cov proteins, nws muaj peev xwm kom tau txais tus nqi tseeb ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas muaj nyob rau hauv lub ntim ntawm cov tshuaj uas tau kawm. Ntxiv mus, tus nqi ntawm cov protein molecules ntawm precipitate yog txiav txim los ntawm tus nqi ntawm nitrogen los yog siv colorimetric txoj kev.
Kev ntsuas qhov muaj nuj nqis
Kev kwv yees ntawm nag lossis daus qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev kuaj mob yuav tsum coj mus rau hauv tus account qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm qhov muaj nyob hauv lub cev tsis muaj zog ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob uas tsis muaj cov cuab yeej ntawm precipitin, los ntawm qhov uas nws ua raws li nag lossis daus nws tus kheej yuav tsis yog. tsim tom qab reacting nrog antigens. Cov npe ntawm cov molecules no suav nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis tiav thiab qee hom los ntawm pawg gamma-A globulins.
Cov nag lossis daus tshwm sim hauv chav kuaj pom nws daim ntawv thov hauv ntau hom kev hloov kho. Piv txwv li, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thermoprecipitation yog siv los kuaj cov kab mob antigens ntawm botulism, anthrax, thiab lwm yam., uas tsis dhau thermal denaturation. Tsis zoo li lub nplhaib los nag, hom tshuaj tiv thaiv no siv cov khoom siv hauv cov lus nug hauv lub xeev boiled.
Kev tshuaj xyuas cov nag lossis daus cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv cov sib tov sib xyaw tsis tso cai rau tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw. Nyob rau hauv xws li mob, ib tug neeg mus rau txoj kev los nag hauv agar, thiab kuj siv immunoelectropheresis.
Diffuse nag xob nag cua
Nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam ntawm kev tshawb fawb no, muaj lub tswv yim ntawm diffuse precipitation reaction (RPD). Nws yog raws li lub peev xwm ntawm diffuse nyob rau hauv gel ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab soluble antigens. Diffusion yog lub peev xwm ntawm ib lub molecule ntawm ib yam khoom nkag mus rau hauv lub molecules ntawm lwm tus, uas yog tshwm sim los ntawm thermal txav. Feem ntau, agar gel yog siv rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo li no.
Tom qab muab cov ntsuas, hauvtej yam kev mob nyob rau hauv uas cov molecules muaj peev xwm diffuse nrog kev hwm rau ib leeg, lawv lub rooj sib tham yuav tsum nrog rau cov tsim ntawm ib tug antigen + antibody complex. Xws li ib tug neoplasm muaj peev xwm mus diffuse, nyob rau hauv lub gel nws tus kheej, thiab nws yuav precipitate, noj daim ntawv ntawm ib tug strip uas yuav ntes tau ntawm qhov muag liab qab. Yog hais tias cov antigen thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog homologous, tsis muaj band yuav tsim.
Tsim cov xwm txheej raws li qhov kev nthuav tawm yuav tshwm sim thaum nyob rau hauv agar txheej cuam tshuam cov khoom, tab sis tag nrho cov qhov dej thiab lawv cov txheeb ze txoj hauj lwm yog txiav txim los ntawm hom haujlwm uas yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab. RPD muab ib tus neeg muaj peev xwm txheeb xyuas thiab txheeb xyuas cov kab mob uas tsis paub cais los ntawm kev sim siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob paub.
Daim ntawv thov
nag xob nag cua yog dav siv tsis yog hauv kev kuaj mob xwb, tab sis kuj pom nws daim ntawv thov hauv kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas forensic. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau kev xav txog qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam uas nws muaj peev xwm txiav txim siab hom ntshav, ib feem ntawm lub cev lossis cov ntaub so ntswg pom ntawm riam phom txhaum cai uas tsis siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nag lossis daus. Thaum lub sij hawm tus txheej txheem no, precipitating sera yog siv, uas yog tau los ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj ntau yam tsiaj thiab noog. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas cov qib serum titer tsis tsawg dua 1: 10000, thiab nws kuj yuav tsum muaj qhov tshwj xeeb txaus. Los ntawm qhov kuaj pom ntawm cov ntshav los yog nws cov crust, ib qho extract yog tsim rau lub cev. kev daws, uas yuav raug nthuav tawm ntxivprecipitating serum. Raws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no, nws muaj peev xwm tsim kom muaj cov ntaub so ntswg thiab cov kab mob hauv nruab nrog cev ntawm tib neeg thiab tsiaj txhu. Tau txais huab rho tawm yuam ib qho chaw mus rau nag lossis daus ntawm agar.
Cov Lus Qhia
Kev tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv nyeem, peb tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nag lossis daus yog qhov tseem ceeb heev rau ib tus neeg, vim lawv tso cai kuaj mob ntau yam antigens siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, qhov tshwm sim no kuj tau siv dav hauv kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas kev kho mob thiab tso cai rau koj txheeb xyuas hom ntshav, ntaub so ntswg los yog lub cev los ntawm kev cuam tshuam rau ib qho kev kawm. Muaj ntau ntau hom thiab txoj hauv kev los nag, uas yog siv raws li qhov kev xav tau ntawm qhov teeb meem tau daws.
