Nitroglycerin - ib qho ntawm cov khoom tawg nto moo tshaj plaws, lub hauv paus ntawm cov dynamite muaj pes tsawg leeg. Nws tau pom daim ntawv thov dav hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm kev lag luam vim nws cov yam ntxwv, tab sis tam sim no ib qho ntawm cov teeb meem tseem ceeb cuam tshuam nrog nws yog qhov teeb meem ntawm kev nyab xeeb.
History
keeb kwm ntawm nitroglycerin pib nrog Italian kws tshuaj Ascanio Sobrero. Nws thawj synthesized cov khoom no nyob rau hauv 1846. Nws yog Ameslikas muab lub npe pyroglycerin. Twb tau Sobrero nrhiav pom nws qhov tsis ruaj khov zoo - nitroglycerin tuaj yeem tawg txawm tias tsis muaj zog los yog tshuab.
Lub zog ntawm kev tawg ntawm nitroglycerin theoretically ua rau nws muaj kev cog lus reagent hauv kev lag luam mining thiab kev tsim kho - nws tau zoo dua li cov khoom tawg uas muaj nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Txawm li cas los xij, hais tias kev tsis sib haum xeeb ua rau muaj kev hem thawj loj heev thaum nws khaws cia thiab kev thauj mus los - yog li nitroglycerin tau muab tso rau hauv qab lub qhov cub.
Thiab tau txav me ntsis nrog cov tsos ntawm Alfred Nobel thiab nws tsev neeg- leej txiv thiab cov tub tau pib tsim cov tshuaj no hauv xyoo 1862, txawm tias txhua yam kev phom sij cuam tshuam nrog nws. Txawm li cas los xij, ib yam dab tsi tshwm sim uas yuav tsum tau tshwm sim sai lossis tom qab - qhov tawg tau tshwm sim ntawm lub Hoobkas, thiab Nobel tus kwv yau tuag. Leej txiv, tom qab muaj kev nyuaj siab, so haujlwm, tab sis Alfred tswj tau mus ntxiv ntau lawm. Txhawm rau txhim kho kev nyab xeeb, nws tau sib xyaw nitroglycerin nrog methanol - qhov sib tov yog ruaj khov dua, tab sis flammable heev. Nws tseem tsis tau kawg.
Lawv los ua dynamite - nitroglycerin absorbed los ntawm diatomaceous ntiaj teb (sedimentary pob zeb). Qhov tawg ntawm cov khoom tau txo qis los ntawm ntau qhov kev txiav txim ntawm qhov loj. Tom qab ntawd, qhov sib tov tau raug txhim kho, lub ntiaj teb diatomaceous tau hloov nrog cov tshuaj stabilizers zoo dua, tab sis cov ntsiab lus tseem zoo li qub - cov kua tau absorbed thiab tsis tawg los ntawm kev co me ntsis.
Lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg
Nitroglycerin yog nitroester ntawm nitric acid thiab glycerol. Nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob, nws yog yellowish, viscous oily kua. Nitroglycerin yog insoluble hauv dej. Nobel siv cov cuab yeej no: txhawm rau npaj nitroglycerin siv tom qab kev thauj mus los thiab pub dawb los ntawm methanol, nws ntxuav cov dej sib tov - methyl cawv yaj hauv nws thiab sab laug, thiab nitroglycerin tseem nyob. Tib yam khoom yog siv rau hauv kev npaj ntawm nitroglycerin: cov khoom sib txuas yog ntxuav nrog dej kom tshem tawm cov seem ntawm cov reagents.
Nitroglycerin hydrolyzes (ua glycerol thiab nitric acid) thaum rhuab. Tsis muajCua sov mus alkaline hydrolysis.
Explosive properties
Raws li twb tau hais lawm, nitroglycerin tsis ruaj khov heev. Txawm li cas los xij, ntawm no nws tsim nyog ua ib qho lus tseem ceeb: nws yog qhov raug rau cov neeg kho tshuab kev ntxhov siab - nws tawg los ntawm kev cuam tshuam los yog cuam tshuam. Yog tias koj tsuas yog muab nws tso rau ntawm qhov hluav taws kub, cov kua yuav feem ntau hlawv ntsiag to yam tsis muaj qhov tawg.
Nitroglycerin stabilization. Dynamite
Nobel thawj qhov kev paub hauv stabilizing nitroglycerin yog dynamite - kieselguhr tau nqus cov kua tag nrho, thiab cov sib tov muaj kev nyab xeeb (txog, tau kawg, nws tau qhib rau hauv lub foob pob tawg). Vim li cas lub ntiaj teb diatomaceous siv yog vim muaj cov nyhuv capillary. Lub xub ntiag ntawm microtubules hauv cov tsiaj no ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov kua dej (nitroglycerin) thiab nws qhov chaw khaws cia nyob ntawd ntev.
Kev Tshawb Fawb
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kom tau txais nitroglycerin hauv chav kuaj tam sim no yog tib yam li siv los ntawm Sobrero - esterification nyob rau hauv muaj sulfuric acid. Ua ntej, kev sib xyaw ntawm nitric thiab sulfuric acids yog noj. Cov kua qaub yog xav tau concentrated, nrog me me dej. Tsis tas li ntawd, glycerin yog maj mam ntxiv rau qhov sib xyaw ua ke hauv qhov me me nrog kev nplawm tas li. Qhov kub thiab txias yuav tsum tau khaws cia kom qis, vim tias hauv cov tshuaj kub, es tsis txhob esterification (ester tsim), glycerol yuav oxidized nrog nitric acid.
Tab sis txij li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv pib nrog kev tso tawm ntawm cov cua kub ntau, cov sib tov yuav tsum tau txias tas li (feem ntauua nrog dej khov). Raws li txoj cai, nws khaws cia nyob ib ncig ntawm 0 ° C, tshaj qhov cim ntawm 25 ° C tuaj yeem hem nrog kev tawg. Qhov ntsuas kub tau saib xyuas tas li nrog lub ntsuas kub.
Nitroglycerin hnyav dua dej, tab sis sib dua li cov ntxhia (nitric thiab sulfuric) acids. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sib tov, cov khoom yuav pw nyob rau hauv ib tug nyias muaj nyias txheej ntawm qhov chaw. Tom qab qhov kawg ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, lub nkoj yuav tsum tau txias, tos kom txog thaum lub siab tshaj plaws ntawm nitroglycerin accumulates nyob rau hauv lub Upper txheej, thiab ces ntws mus rau hauv lwm lub thawv nrog dej txias. Tom qab ntawd los ntxuav cov dej ntau hauv cov dej loj. Qhov no yog qhov tsim nyog txhawm rau txhawm rau ntxuav cov nitroglycerin los ntawm tag nrho cov impurities kom zoo tshaj plaws. Qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb vim hais tias, ua ke nrog cov seem ntawm unreacted acids, lub explosiveness ntawm ib tug tshuaj nce ntau zaus.
Industrial production
Hauv kev lag luam, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tau txais nitroglycerin tau ntev tau coj mus rau automation. Lub kaw lus uas tam sim no siv, hauv nws qhov tseem ceeb, tau tsim rov qab rau xyoo 1935 los ntawm Biazzi (thiab hu ua Biazzi installation). Lub ntsiab kev daws teeb meem nyob rau hauv nws yog separators. Thawj qhov sib xyaw ntawm cov nitroglycerin uas tsis tau ntxuav yog thawj zaug sib cais hauv qhov sib cais raws li kev ua ntawm centrifugal rog ua ob theem - ib qho nrog nitroglycerin yog coj los ntxuav ntxiv, thiab cov kua qaub nyob hauv qhov sib cais.
Txoj kev tsim khoom yog tib yam li cov qauv. Ntawd yog, sib tov glycerol thiab nitratingsib tov nyob rau hauv lub reactor (tsim nrog kev pab los ntawm tshwj xeeb twj tso kua mis, tov nrog ib tug turbine agitator, txias yog ntau haib - nrog freon), ob peb theem ntxuav (nrog dej thiab me ntsis alkalized dej), txhua yam yog preceded los ntawm ib theem nrog ib tug cais.
Cov nroj tsuag Biazzi muaj kev nyab xeeb heev thiab muaj kev ua haujlwm siab zoo piv rau lwm cov thev naus laus zis (txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau cov khoom lag luam poob ntau thaum ntxuav).
Home conditions
Hmoov tsis zoo, txawm hais tias hmoov zoo, kev ua nitroglycerin hauv tsev cuam tshuam ntau yam teeb meem, uas feem ntau tsis tsim nyog.
Tib txoj hauv kev los ua ke hauv tsev yog kom tau nitroglycerin los ntawm glycerol (raws li hauv txoj kev kuaj). Thiab ntawm no qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb yog sulfuric thiab nitric acids. Kev muag ntawm cov tshuaj reagents no txwv rau qee qhov chaw raug cai thiab raug tswj hwm los ntawm tsoomfwv nruj me ntsis.
Txoj kev daws teeb meem yog kev sib txuas ntawm lawv tus kheej. Jules Verne nyob rau hauv nws cov tshiab "Lub Mysterious Island", hais txog qhov rov ntawm kev tsim cov nitroglycerin los ntawm cov cim tseem ceeb, tshem tawm lub sijhawm kawg ntawm cov txheej txheem, tab sis tau piav qhia txog cov txheej txheem kom tau txais sulfuric thiab nitric acids.
thiab lwm yam. Puas yog tus neeg mob ntshav qab zib yuav muaj nws? Tsis zoo li. Yog li ntawd, cov tshuaj nitroglycerin hauv tsev feem ntau tsuas yog npau suav xwb.
