Raws li peb paub los ntawm keeb kwm, feem ntau ntawm cov neeg uas xa cov nom tswv thiab cov tswv cuab ntawm tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe nyob hauv Fabkis mus rau guillotine thaum muaj kev ntshai loj heev nyob rau xyoo pua 18th, tau raug tua lawv tus kheej. Tseem muaj cov lus qhuas uas tau hais los ntawm Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws ntawm Kev Ncaj Ncees Danton, uas nws tau hais ua ntej nws raug txiav: "Lub kiv puag ncig devours nws cov menyuam."
Keeb kwm rov hais dua nws tus kheej thaum lub xyoo ntawm Stalin qhov kev ntshai, thaum nrog stroke ntawm tus cwj mem, nag hmo tus tua neeg tuaj yeem mus rau tib lub tsev loj cuj lossis raug tua yam tsis muaj kev sim siab, zoo li cov uas nws tus kheej xa mus rau kev tuag.
Ib qho piv txwv zoo ntawm cov saum toj no yog Nikolai Yezhov - Commissar ntawm Internal Affairs ntawm USSR. Kev ntseeg siab ntawm ntau nplooj ntawv ntawm nws phau ntawv keeb kwm raug nug los ntawm cov neeg keeb kwm, vim tias muaj ntau qhov tsaus nti hauv nws.
![Ezhov Nikolay Ezhov Nikolay](https://i.vogueindustry.com/images/034/image-101119-1-j.webp)
Parents
Raws li cov ntawv tshaj tawm, Yezhov Nikolai yug hauv 1895 hauv St. Petersburg, hauv tsev neeg ua haujlwm.
Tib lub sijhawm, muaj kev xav tias leej txiv ntawm cov neeg sawv cev yog Ivan Yezhov, uas tau yug los nrog. Volkhonshchino (Tula xeev) thiab ua tub rog hauv Lithuania. Nws nyob ntawdntsib ib tug hluas nkauj hauv zos, uas nws tau sib yuav sai sai, txiav txim siab tsis rov qab mus rau nws lub tebchaws. Tom qab demobilization, Yezhov tsev neeg tsiv mus rau lub xeev Suwalki, thiab Ivan tau txais ib txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv tub ceev xwm.
Thaum lub sijhawm yug Kolya, nws niam nws txiv, feem ntau yuav, nyob hauv ib lub zos ntawm Mariampolsky koog tsev kawm ntawv (tam sim no thaj chaw ntawm Lithuania). Tom qab 3 xyoos, tus tub leej txiv tau raug xaiv tsa zemstvo tus neeg saib xyuas ntawm lub nroog hauv nroog. Qhov xwm txheej no ua rau tsev neeg tsiv mus rau Mariampol, qhov chaw Kolya kawm tau 3 xyoos hauv tsev kawm theem qis.
Xav txog lawv tus tub kom tau txais kev kawm txaus, xyoo 1906 nws niam nws txiv tau xa nws mus rau ib tug txheeb ze nyob rau St.
Youth
Txawm hais tias phau ntawv keeb kwm ntawm Nikolai Yezhov hais tias txog thaum xyoo 1911 nws tau ua haujlwm ntawm lub Hoobkas Putilov ua tus kws tshaj lij locksmith. Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia tsis lees paub qhov no. Nws tsuas yog paub tseeb tias xyoo 1913 tus tub hluas rov qab mus rau nws niam nws txiv hauv lub xeev Suwalki, thiab tom qab ntawd taug kev mus nrhiav haujlwm. Tib lub sijhawm, nws txawm nyob hauv Tilsit (Lub Tebchaws Yelemees) tau qee lub sijhawm.
Nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1915 Nikolai Yezhov ua haujlwm pab tub rog. Tom qab kev cob qhia hauv 76th Infantry Batalion, nws raug xa mus rau North-Western Front.
![Nikolai Yezhov tuag Nikolai Yezhov tuag](https://i.vogueindustry.com/images/034/image-101119-2-j.webp)
Ob hlis tom qab, tom qab raug mob hnyav thiab mob me ntsis, nws raug xa mus rau tom qab, thiab thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1916, Nikolai Yezhov, nws qhov siab tsuas yog 1 m 51 cm, tau tshaj tawm tias tsis haum rau kev ua tub rog. Vim li no, nws raug xa mus rau lub rooj cob qhia tom qab hauv Vitebsk, qhov twgmus rau cov tub ceev xwm thiab cov ris tsho hnav, thiab tsis ntev, raws li cov tub rog muaj peev xwm tshaj plaws, nws tau raug xaiv tsa tus neeg ua haujlwm.
Lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1917, Yezhov Nikolai tau mus pw hauv tsev kho mob, thiab rov qab mus rau nws lub tsev tsuas yog thaum pib xyoo 1918, nws raug tso tseg vim muaj mob rau 6 lub hlis. Nws rov mus rau nws niam nws txiv, uas nyob rau lub sij hawm ntawd nyob rau hauv lub xeev Tver. Txij lub Yim Hli ntawm tib lub xyoo, Yezhov pib ua haujlwm ntawm lub Hoobkas iav nyob hauv Vyshny Volochek.
pib ua haujlwm tog
Hauv daim ntawv nug uas tau sau los ntawm Yezhov nws tus kheej thaum ntxov xyoo 1920, nws tau qhia tias nws tau koom nrog RSDLP thaum lub Tsib Hlis 1917. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab ib ntus, nws pib thov tias nws tau ua nws rov qab rau lub Peb Hlis 1917. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, raws li qee cov tswv cuab ntawm lub koom haum Vitebsk nroog ntawm RSDLP, Yezhov tau koom nrog nws cov qib tsuas yog lub Yim Hli 3.
Lub Plaub Hlis 1919, nws raug hu mus ua haujlwm hauv Tub Rog Liab thiab xa mus rau hauv xov tooj cua hauv Saratov. Nyob ntawd nws thawj zaug ua tus kheej, thiab tom qab ntawd ua tus sau ntawv raws li kev txib. Nyob rau hauv Lub kaum hli ntuj ntawm tib lub xyoo, Nikolai Yezhov coj lub luag hauj lwm ntawm commissar ntawm lub hauv paus qhov twg xov tooj cua tshwj xeeb raug cob qhia, thiab nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav ntawm 1921 nws tau raug xaiv los ua commissar ntawm lub hauv paus thiab raug xaiv tus thawj coj ntawm lub propaganda department ntawm lub Tatar Regional Committee. lub RCP.
Nyob ua haujlwm hauv nroog
Thaum Lub Xya Hli 1921, Yezhov Nikolai tau sau npe sib yuav nrog A. Titova. Tsis ntev tom qab lub tshoob, tus tshiab nkauj nraug tau mus rau Moscow thiab tswj kom hloov nws tus txiv nyob rau ntawd thiab.
Nyob rau hauv lub peev, Yezhov pib sai sai nws txoj hauj lwm. Tshwj xeeb, ob peb lub hlis tom qab ntawd nws raug xa mus rau pawg neeg sawv cev hauv cheeb tsam Mari ua tus tuav ntaub ntawv tswj hwm.
Tom ntej nwstuav cov haujlwm hauv qab no:
- Tus Thawj Tuav Haujlwm ntawm Semipalatinsk Provincial Committee;
- tus thawj coj ntawm lub koom haum saib xyuas ntawm pawg Kyrgyz cheeb tsam;
- Tus Lwm Thawj Coj Tus Tuav Ntaub Ntawv ntawm Kazak Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Cheeb Tsam;
- tus kws qhia ntawm lub koom haum faib khoom ntawm Central Committee.
Raws li kev coj noj coj ua, Yezhov Nikolai Ivanovich yog ib tus neeg ua yeeb yam zoo tshaj plaws, tab sis muaj qhov tsis zoo - nws tsis tuaj yeem nres, txawm tias tsis muaj dab tsi ua tau.
Tau ua haujlwm hauv Pawg Thawj Coj mus txog rau xyoo 1929, nws tau ua Tus Lwm Thawj Coj Tus Thawj Coj ntawm Kev Ua Liaj Ua Teb ntawm USSR tau 12 lub hlis, thiab tom qab ntawd rov qab mus rau lub koom haum thiab faib khoom ua thawj coj.
![nikolai ezhov nikolai ezhov](https://i.vogueindustry.com/images/034/image-101119-3-j.webp)
Purges
Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Lub Koom Haum Nikolai Yezhov tau ua tus saib xyuas txog xyoo 1934. Tom qab ntawd nws tau suav nrog hauv Central Commission ntawm CPSU, uas yuav tsum tau ua "kev tshem tawm" ntawm tog, thiab txij Lub Ob Hlis 1935 nws tau raug xaiv tsa tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm CPC thiab tus tuav ntaub ntawv ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas.
Los ntawm 1934 txog 1935, Yezhov, sawv cev ntawm Stalin, ua tus thawj coj ntawm Kremlin rooj plaub thiab kev tshawb nrhiav rau kev tua neeg ntawm Kirov. Nws yog nws uas txuas lawv mus rau cov kev ua ub no ntawm Zinoviev, Trotsky thiab Kamenev, qhov tseeb conspiring nrog Agranov tawm tsam tus thawj coj ntawm lub xeem neeg Commissar ntawm lub NKVD, Yagoda.
teem caij tshiab
Lub Cuaj Hlis 1936, I. Stalin thiab A. Zhdanov, uas tau so haujlwm thaum lub sijhawm ntawd, tau xa ib daim ntawv xov tooj rau lub peev uas hais rau Molotov, Kaganovich thiab lwm tus tswvcuab ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees. Nyob rau hauv nws, lawv thov kom Yezhov raug tsa los ua tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm Tib Neeg Lub Chaw Haujlwm ntawm Internal Affairs, tso nws Agranov ua nws tus thawj coj.
Tau kawg, qhov kev txiav txim tau ua tiavtam sim ntawd, thiab twb thaum lub Kaum Hli Ntuj xyoo 1936, Nikolai Yezhov tau kos npe rau thawj qhov kev txiav txim hauv nws lub chaw ua haujlwm.
Ezhov Nikolai - Tib neeg Commissar ntawm Internal Affairs
Zoo li G. Yagoda, nws tau ua haujlwm rau lub xeev kev ruaj ntseg cov koom haum thiab tub ceev xwm, nrog rau cov kev pabcuam pabcuam, piv txwv li, chav tua hluav taws thiab kev loj.
Nyob rau hauv nws tus ncej tshiab, Nikolai Yezhov tau teeb tsa kev tawm tsam tawm tsam cov neeg uas xav tias muaj kev ua txhaum cai lossis tawm tsam Soviet cov haujlwm, "nrhiav" hauv tog, raug ntes loj, raug ntiab tawm ntawm kev sib raug zoo, hauv tebchaws thiab koom haum.
Tshwj xeeb, tom qab lub Peb Hlis 1937 lub plenum ntawm Pawg Thawj Coj tau qhia nws kom rov qab txiav txim hauv NKVD, 2,273 tus neeg ua haujlwm ntawm lub tuam tsev no raug ntes. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tau nyob rau hauv Yezhov tias cov lus txib tau pib xa mus rau NKVD lub cev hauv zos qhia txog cov pej xeem uas tsis ntseeg siab raug ntes, tua, raug ntiab tawm lossis raug kaw hauv tsev loj cuj thiab chaw pw.
![nikolai ezhov kev loj hlob nikolai ezhov kev loj hlob](https://i.vogueindustry.com/images/034/image-101119-4-j.webp)
Rau cov "feats" Yezhov tau txais txiaj ntsig Order of Lenin. Tsis tas li ntawm nws qhov txiaj ntsig tuaj yeem suav tias yog kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov qub tub rog ntawm cov kiv puag ncig, uas paub cov ntsiab lus tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm cov ntawv keeb kwm ntawm ntau tus thawj coj ntawm lub xeev.
Lub Plaub Hlis 8, 1938, Yezhov tau raug xaiv tsa ib nrab sijhawm neeg cov neeg saib xyuas kev thauj dej, thiab ob peb lub hlis tom qab Lavrenty Beria tau los ua thawj tus thawj coj ntawm NKVD thiab tus thawj coj ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ruaj Ntseg Hauv Xeev.
Opala
Nyob rau lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1938, Politburo ntawm Pawg Neeg Communist tau tham txog kev tsis lees paub ntawm Nikolai Yezhov, uastau kos npe los ntawm tus thawj coj ntawm Ivanovo department ntawm NKVD. Ob peb hnub tom qab, cov neeg sawv cev tau xa tsab ntawv tawm haujlwm, uas nws lees paub nws lub luag haujlwm rau kev ua phem ntawm "cov yeeb ncuab" uas, vim nws kev saib xyuas, nkag mus rau tus kws lij choj lub chaw haujlwm thiab NKVD.
Thaum pom nws yuav raug ntes, hauv tsab ntawv mus rau cov thawj coj ntawm cov neeg, nws hais kom tsis txhob kov nws "niam hnub nyoog xya caum xyoo" thiab xaus nws cov lus nrog cov lus hais tias nws "ua kom cov yeeb ncuab puas tsuaj loj."
Thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1938, Izvestia thiab Pravda tau tshaj tawm cov lus hais tias Yezhov, raws li nws qhov kev thov, tau raug tshem tawm ntawm nws txoj haujlwm ua tus thawj coj ntawm NKVD, tab sis tuav lub luag haujlwm ntawm tib neeg txoj haujlwm thauj dej. Nws tus neeg ua tiav yog Lavrenty Beria, uas tau pib nws txoj haujlwm tshiab nrog kev ntes cov neeg nyob ze Yezhov hauv NKVD, lub tsev hais plaub thiab tus kws lij choj lub chaw haujlwm.
Nyob rau hnub ntawm 15th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm kev tuag ntawm V. I. Lenin, N. Yezhov tau tuaj txog rau lub sijhawm kawg ntawm qhov kev tshwm sim tseem ceeb ntawm lub tebchaws tseem ceeb - lub rooj sib tham tseem ceeb rau hnub tseem ceeb no. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab ntawd ib qho kev tshwm sim ua raws li qhia ncaj qha tias huab ntawm kev npau taws ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm cov neeg tau sib sau los ntawm nws ntau dua li ua ntej - nws tsis raug xaiv los ua tus sawv cev rau XVIII Congress ntawm All-Union Communist Party ntawm Bolsheviks.
![Yezhov Nikolai Ivanovich tus kheej lub neej Yezhov Nikolai Ivanovich tus kheej lub neej](https://i.vogueindustry.com/images/034/image-101119-5-j.webp)
Nrhiav
Nyob rau lub Plaub Hlis 1939, Yezhov Nikolai Ivanovich, uas nws biography mus txog rau thaum lub sij hawm ntawd yog ib zaj dab neeg hais txog qhov zoo kawg li txoj hauj lwm sawv ntawm ib tug txiv neej uas nyuam qhuav kawm tiav tsev kawm ntawv theem pib, raug coj mus rau hauv tus saib xyuas. Kev ntes tau tshwm sim hauv Malenkov lub chaw ua haujlwm, nrog rau kev koom tes ntawm Beria, uas tau raug xaiv los ua tus thawj coj tshawb nrhiav hauv nws rooj plaub. Los ntawm muaj nws raug xa mus rauSukhanovskaya tshwj xeeb tsev loj cuj ntawm NKVD ntawm lub USSR.
Tom qab 2 lub lis piam, Yezhov sau ib daim ntawv uas nws lees txim tias nws yog ib tug neeg nyiam deev luag poj luag txiv. Tom qab ntawd, nws tau raug siv los ua pov thawj tias nws tau ua txhaum cai ntawm kev sib deev rau kev qia dub thiab tawm tsam Soviet.
Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tseem ceeb uas tau liam rau nws yog qhov kev npaj ntawm kev tawm tsam thiab cov neeg ua phem ua phem uas yuav tsum raug siv los tua cov tswv cuab ntawm tog thiab tsoomfwv thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 7 ntawm Red Square, thaum lub sijhawm ua qauv qhia cov neeg ua haujlwm.
Kab lus thiab ua tiav
Nikolai Yezhov, uas nws daim duab tau nthuav tawm hauv tsab xov xwm, tsis lees paub tag nrho cov nqi thiab hu nws tsuas yog qhov yuam kev tsis txaus rau kev mob siab rau hauv "kev tshem tawm" ntawm lub xeev cov koom haum kev ruaj ntseg.
Hauv nws cov lus kawg ntawm kev sim siab, Yezhov tau hais tias nws raug ntaus thaum lub sijhawm tshawb nrhiav, txawm hais tias nws tau ncaj ncees tawm tsam thiab rhuav tshem cov yeeb ncuab ntawm cov neeg tau 25 xyoo. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tau hais tias yog nws xav ua tus neeg ua phem tawm tsam tawm tsam ib tus tswv cuab ntawm tsoomfwv, nws tsis tas yuav xaiv leej twg, nws tsuas yog siv cov txheej txheem tsim nyog.
![Yezhov Nikolai Cov Neeg Commissar Yezhov Nikolai Cov Neeg Commissar](https://i.vogueindustry.com/images/034/image-101119-6-j.webp)
Lub Ob Hlis 3, 1940, Thawj Pawg Neeg Sawv Cev raug txiav txim tuag. Qhov kev tua tau tshwm sim rau hnub tom qab. Raws li cov neeg uas nrog nws nyob rau hauv feeb kawg ntawm nws lub neej, nws hu nkauj lub Internationale ua ntej raug tua. Nikolai Yezhov tuag tam sim ntawd. Yuav kom rhuav tshem txawm lub cim xeeb ntawm ib tug qub comrade-in-arms, tog neeg tseem ceeb txiav txim siab mus cremate nws.lub cev.
Tom qab tuag
Tsis muaj dab tsi tau tshaj tawm txog kev sim ntawm Yezhov thiab nws txoj kev tua. Qhov tsuas yog qhov uas tib neeg pej xeem ntawm thaj av ntawm Soviets pom yog qhov rov qab los ntawm lub npe qub rau lub nroog Cherkessk, nrog rau kev ploj ntawm cov duab ntawm cov neeg qub pawg thawj coj los ntawm pawg duab.
Hauv xyoo 1998, Nikolai Yezhov tau tshaj tawm tias tsis raug kho los ntawm Tub Rog Collegium ntawm Lub Tsev Hais Plaub Siab ntawm Lavxias Federation. Cov lus tseeb hauv qab no tau raug suav hais tias yog cov lus sib cav:
- Yezhov teeb tsa kev tua neeg ntawm cov neeg uas nws tus kheej tsis pom zoo;
- nws tau coj nws tus poj niam txoj sia vim nws tuaj yeem nthuav tawm nws txoj haujlwm tsis raug cai, thiab ua txhua yam kom dhau qhov kev ua phem no ua kev tua tus kheej;
- Raws li kev ua haujlwm tau ua raws li cov lus txib ntawm Nikolai Yezhov, ntau tshaj li ib thiab ib nrab lab pej xeem raug thuam.
Ezhov Nikolai Ivanovich: tus kheej lub neej
Raws li twb tau hais lawm, thawj tus poj niam ntawm Pawg Neeg Ua Haujlwm raug tua yog Antonina Titova (1897-1988). Ob niam txiv sib nrauj xyoo 1930 thiab tsis muaj menyuam.
Nrog nws tus poj niam thib ob - Evgenia (Sulamith) Solomonovna - Yezhov tau ntsib thaum nws tseem tau sib yuav nrog tus neeg sawv cev thiab neeg sau xov xwm Alexei Gladun. Tus poj niam sib nrauj sai sai no thiab tau los ua tus poj niam ntawm kev cog lus ua haujlwm.
Ob niam txiv ua tsis tau lawv tus me nyuam, tab sis lawv tau txais ib tug menyuam ntsuag. Tus ntxhais lub npe yog Natalya, thiab tom qab kev tua tus kheej ntawm nws niam saws, uas tshwm sim tsis ntev ua ntej Yezhov raug ntes thiab tua, nws tau mus rau hauv tsev kho mob menyuam ntsuag.
![Nikolai ezhov biography Nikolai ezhov biography](https://i.vogueindustry.com/images/034/image-101119-7-j.webp)
Tam sim no koj paub tias Nikolai Yezhov yog leej twg, uas nws biography yog qhov zoo heev rau ntau tus neeg ua haujlwm ntawm lub xeev cov cuab yeej ntawm cov xyoo uas tau txeeb lub hwj chim thaum ntxov ntawm kev tsim lub USSR thiab xaus lawv lub neej tib yam li. lawv cov neeg raug tsim txom.