Carbon is Ib tug carbon atom. Cov pa roj carbon ntau

2024 Tus sau: Angel Austin | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:28

Ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus zoo tshaj plaws uas tuaj yeem tsim ntau yam sib txuas ntawm cov organic thiab inorganic xwm yog carbon. Cov khoom no txawv txawv heev hauv nws cov khoom uas txawm tias Mendeleev tau kwv yees lub neej yav tom ntej rau nws, tham txog cov yam ntxwv uas tseem tsis tau tshaj tawm.

Tom qab ntawd nws tau ua tiav. Nws tau paub tias nws yog lub ntsiab biogenic keeb ntawm peb ntiaj chaw, uas yog ib feem ntawm tag nrho cov nyob creatures. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj peev xwm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm txhua yam, tab sis tib lub sijhawm tsuas yog muaj cov pa roj carbon atoms.

Feem ntau, cov qauv no muaj ntau yam nta, thiab peb yuav sim ua nrog lawv nyob rau hauv chav kawm ntawm kab lus.

Carbon: qauv thiab txoj haujlwm hauv lub cev ntawm cov ntsiab lus

Nyob rau hauv lub caij nyoog, lub caij carbon nyob rau hauv IV (raws li tus qauv tshiab nyob rau hauv 14) pab pawg, lub ntsiab subgroup. Nws tus lej xov tooj yog 6, thiab nws qhov hnyav atomic yog 12.011. Lub npe ntawm lub ntsiab lus nrog lub cim C qhia nws lub npe hauv Latin - carboneum. Muaj ntau ntau hom ntawv uas muaj carbon. Nws cov mis yog li sib txawv thiab nyob ntawm qhov kev hloov kho tshwj xeeb.

Txawm li cas los xij, rau kev sau cov lus sib npaug sib npaug, cov ntawv sau tshwj xeeb,tau kawg muaj. Feem ntau, thaum tham txog ib yam khoom nyob rau hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab, cov mis molecular ntawm carbon C yog saws, tsis muaj indexing.

Element discovery history

Lub ntsiab lus no nws tus kheej tau paub txij thaum ancient sij hawm. Tom qab tag nrho, ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws minerals nyob rau hauv cov xwm yog thee. Yog li ntawd, rau cov neeg Greek thaum ub, Loos thiab lwm haiv neeg, nws tsis yog qhov zais cia.

Dhau li ntawm ntau yam no, pob zeb diamond thiab graphite kuj tau siv. Muaj ntau qhov xwm txheej tsis meej pem nrog rau lub sijhawm ntev, txij li feem ntau, tsis muaj kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg, cov ntsiab lus no tau muab coj los rau graphite, xws li:

nyiaj lead;
hlau carbide;

Ymolybdenum sulfide.

Lawv tau pleev xim dub thiab yog li suav tias yog graphite. Tom qab ntawd, qhov kev nkag siab yuam kev no tau raug tshem tawm, thiab daim ntawv carbon no tau dhau los ua nws tus kheej.

Txij li xyoo 1725, pob zeb diamond tau ua lag luam tseem ceeb, thiab hauv xyoo 1970, cov thev naus laus zis ntawm kev tau txais lawv cov khoom tsim tau tau ua tiav. Txij li xyoo 1779, ua tsaug rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm Karl Scheele, cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg uas cov khoom pov thawj tau kawm. Qhov no yog qhov pib ntawm qhov kev tshawb pom tseem ceeb hauv thaj chaw ntawm lub caij no thiab tau los ua lub hauv paus rau kev tshawb pom tag nrho nws cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws.

Carbon isotopes thiab faib hauv xwm

Txawm hais tias lub ntsiab lus nug yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws biogenic, nws tag nrho cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv qhov loj ntawm lub ntiaj teb crust yog 0.15%. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias nws raug mus tas li ncig, ib tug natural voj voog nyob rau hauv xwm.

Feem ntau, muaj ob pebmineral compounds uas muaj carbon. Cov no yog tej yam ntuj tsim teb xws li:

dolomites thiab limestones;
anthracite;
roj shale;
natural gas;
coal;
roj;
lignite;
peat;
bitumen.

Dhau li ntawm qhov no, peb yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab txog cov tsiaj muaj sia, uas tsuas yog qhov chaw khaws cov pa roj carbon monoxide. Tom qab tag nrho, lawv tsim cov protein, rog, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, uas txhais tau hais tias qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov qauv molecules. Nyob rau hauv dav dav, nyob rau hauv lub hloov dua siab tshiab ntawm qhuav lub cev hnyav tawm ntawm 70 kg, 15 ntog rau ib tug ntshiab keeb. Thiab yog li ntawd nws yog nrog txhua tus neeg, tsis txhob hais txog tsiaj, nroj tsuag thiab lwm yam tsiaj.

Yog peb xav txog qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm huab cua thiab dej, uas yog, hydrosphere tag nrho thiab huab cua, ces muaj kev sib xyaw ntawm carbon-oxygen, qhia los ntawm cov mis CO _{2. Cov pa roj carbon dioxide los yog carbon dioxide yog ib qho ntawm cov roj tseem ceeb uas ua rau huab cua. Nws yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no uas loj feem ntawm carbon yog 0.046%. Cov pa roj carbon dioxide ntau dua yog yaj hauv cov dej hiav txwv.}

Lub atomic mass ntawm carbon raws li lub ntsiab yog 12.011. Nws paub tias tus nqi no yog xam raws li qhov nruab nrab arithmetic nruab nrab ntawm cov atomic luj ntawm tag nrho cov isotopic hom uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov xwm, coj mus rau hauv tus account lawv prevalence (raws li ib feem pua.). Qhov no kuj yog cov ntaub ntawv rau cov ntsiab lus nug. Muaj peb lub ntsiab isotopes uas pom carbon. Nov yog:

¹²С - nws cov feem loj hauv feem coob yog 98.93%;
¹³C -1.07%;
¹⁴C - xov tooj cua, ib nrab-lub neej 5700 xyoo, ruaj khov beta emitter.

Nyob rau hauv kev coj ua ntawm kev txiav txim siab lub hnub nyoog geochronological ntawm cov qauv, cov xov tooj cua isotope ¹⁴ С tau siv dav, uas yog qhov qhia tau vim nws lub sijhawm lwj.

Allotropic hloov kho ntawm ib lub ntsiab

Carbon yog ib yam khoom uas muaj nyob ua ib yam khoom yooj yim hauv ntau hom. Ntawd yog, nws muaj peev xwm tsim tus lej loj tshaj plaws ntawm kev hloov kho allotropic paub niaj hnub no.

1. Crystalline variations - muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov qauv muaj zog nrog atomic-type lattices li niaj zaus. Cov pab pawg no suav nrog ntau yam xws li:

pob zeb diamond;
fullerenes;
graphites;
carbines;
lonsdaleites;
carbon fibers thiab raj.

Txhua tus ntawm lawv txawv ntawm cov qauv siv lead ua lattice, nyob rau hauv cov nodes uas muaj carbon atom. Li no cov khoom tshwj xeeb, sib txawv, ob lub cev thiab tshuaj.

2. Amorphous forms - lawv yog tsim los ntawm ib tug carbon atom, uas yog ib feem ntawm ib co natural compounds. Ntawd yog, cov no tsis yog hom ntshiab, tab sis nrog impurities ntawm lwm cov ntsiab lus me me. Pawg no suav nrog:

activated carbon;
pob zeb thiab ntoo;
soo;
carbon nanofoam;
anthracite;
iav carbon;
ib yam khoom siv.

Lawv kuj koom ua ke los ntawm cov yam ntxwvcov qauv siv lead ua lattice, piav qhia thiab pom cov khoom.

3. Cov pa roj carbon monoxide nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm pawg. Xws li ib tug qauv nyob rau hauv uas atoms raug kaw nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb conformation hollow los ntawm sab hauv, ntim nrog dej los yog lub nuclei ntawm lwm yam. Piv txwv:

carbon nanocones;
astralens;
dicarbon.

Lub cev muaj zog ntawm amorphous carbon

Vim muaj ntau yam kev hloov kho allotropic, nws nyuaj rau txheeb xyuas txhua yam khoom siv lub cev rau cov pa roj carbon. Nws yooj yim dua los tham txog ib daim ntawv tshwj xeeb. Piv txwv li, amorphous carbon muaj cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no.

Ntawm lub plawv ntawm txhua daim ntawv yog nplua-crystalline ntau yam ntawm graphite.
High kub peev.
Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo.
Carbon ntom yog kwv yees li 2 g/cm³.
Thaum cua sov siab dua 1600 ⁰ C, kev hloov pauv mus rau cov ntawv graphite tshwm sim.

Soot, charcoal thiab pob zeb ntau yam yog siv dav rau kev lag luam. Lawv tsis yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab, tab sis muaj nws ntau heev.

Crystalline carbon

Muaj ntau txoj hauv kev uas cov pa roj carbon monoxide yog ib yam khoom uas tsim cov crystals tsis tu ncua ntawm ntau hom, qhov twg atoms txuas nrog hauv koob. Yog li ntawd, cov kev hloov kho hauv qab no tau tsim.

pob zeb diamond. Cov qauv yog cubic, nyob rau hauv uas plaub tetrahedra txuas nrog. Yog li ntawd, tag nrho covalent tshuaj bonds ntawm txhua atomMaximally saturated thiab ruaj khov. Qhov no piav qhia txog lub cev lub cev: qhov ntom ntawm cov pa roj carbon yog 3300 kg / m ³. High hardness, tsis tshua muaj cua sov muaj peev xwm, tsis muaj hluav taws xob conductivity - tag nrho cov no yog tshwm sim los ntawm cov qauv siv lead ua lattice. Muaj technically tau txais pob zeb diamond. Lawv tau tsim thaum lub sij hawm hloov ntawm graphite mus rau qhov kev hloov kho tom ntej nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm qhov kub thiab txias thiab ib tug tej yam siab. Feem ntau, lub melting point ntawm pob zeb diamond yog siab npaum li lub zog - txog 3500 ⁰ C.
Graphite. Cov atoms tau npaj zoo ib yam li cov qauv ntawm cov khoom yav dhau los, txawm li cas los xij, tsuas yog peb daim ntawv cog lus saturated, thiab lub thib plaub ua ntev dua thiab tsis muaj zog, nws txuas cov "txheej" ntawm hexagonal rings ntawm lattice. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, nws hloov tawm tias graphite yog ib qho mos, greasy dub tshuaj rau qhov kov. Nws muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo thiab muaj qhov siab melting point - 3525 ⁰ C. Muaj peev xwm ntawm sublimation - sublimation los ntawm lub xeev khoom mus rau lub xeev gaseous, hla lub xeev cov kua (ntawm qhov kub ntawm 3700 ⁰С). Qhov ceev ntawm carbon yog 2.26 g / cm^3,uas qis dua li pob zeb diamond. Qhov no piav txog lawv cov khoom sib txawv. Vim yog cov txheej txheem txheej ntawm cov siv lead ua lattice, nws tuaj yeem siv graphite rau kev tsim cov xaum xaum. Thaum swiped hla daim ntawv, cov flakes tev tawm thiab tawm ib qho xim dub rau ntawm daim ntawv.
Fullerenes. Lawv tau qhib tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 80s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem. Lawv yog cov kev hloov kho nyob rau hauv uas carbons yog interconnected nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb convex kaw qauv, uas muaj nyob rau hauv qhov chawqhov khoob. Thiab daim ntawv ntawm ib tug siv lead ua - ib tug polyhedron, yog lub koom haum. Tus naj npawb ntawm atoms yog sib npaug. Daim ntawv nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm fullerene yog С₆₀. Cov qauv ntawm cov khoom zoo sib xws tau pom thaum tshawb fawb:

meteorites;
qab ntsev;
folgurite;
shungite;
qhov chaw sab nrauv, qhov twg muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov pa roj.

Txhua yam ntawm crystalline carbon yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm, vim lawv muaj ntau yam khoom siv tau zoo hauv engineering.

Reactivity

Cov pa roj carbon monoxide nthuav tawm qis qis vim nws qhov kev teeb tsa ruaj khov. Nws tuaj yeem raug yuam kom nkag mus rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsuas yog los ntawm kev muab lub zog ntxiv rau lub atom thiab yuam cov electrons ntawm sab nrauv kom evaporate. Lub sijhawm no, qhov valency dhau los ua 4. Yog li ntawd, hauv cov tebchaw, nws muaj oxidation xeev ntawm + 2, + 4, - 4.

Xyaum txhua qhov kev cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj yooj yim, ob qho tib si hlau thiab tsis yog hlau, ua raws li qhov kub thiab txias. Cov ntsiab lus hauv nqe lus nug tuaj yeem yog ob qho tib si oxidizing tus neeg sawv cev thiab tus neeg sawv cev txo qis. Txawm li cas los xij, cov khoom tom kawg yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv nws, thiab qhov no yog lub hauv paus rau nws siv nyob rau hauv metallurgical thiab lwm yam industries.

Feem ntau, kev muaj peev xwm nkag mus rau hauv tshuaj lom neeg yog nyob ntawm peb yam:

tawg ntawm carbon;
hloov pauv hloov pauv;
rection kub.

Yog li, qee zaum muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog cov hauv qab notshuaj:

non-metals (hydrogen, oxygen);
hlau (txhuas, hlau, calcium thiab lwm yam);
hlau oxides thiab lawv cov ntsev.

Tsis ua rau cov kua qaub thiab alkalis, tsis tshua muaj halogens. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide yog lub peev xwm los tsim cov chains ntev nrog ib leeg. Lawv tuaj yeem kaw hauv ib lub voj voog, tsim cov ceg ntoo. Qhov no yog yuav ua li cas tsim cov organic tebchaw, uas niaj hnub no tus naj npawb ntawm lab. Lub hauv paus ntawm cov tebchaw yog ob lub ntsiab - carbon, hydrogen. Lwm cov atoms kuj tseem suav nrog: oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, halogens, phosphorus, hlau thiab lwm yam.

Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thiab lawv cov yam ntxwv

Muaj ntau yam sib txawv uas muaj carbon. Cov mis ntawm lawv nto moo tshaj plaws yog CO₂ - carbon dioxide. Txawm li cas los xij, ntxiv rau cov oxide no, kuj tseem muaj CO - monoxide lossis carbon monoxide, nrog rau suboxide C₃O₂.

Ntawm cov ntsev uas muaj cov khoom no, feem ntau yog calcium thiab magnesium carbonates. Yog li, calcium carbonate muaj ob peb lub ntsiab lus hauv lub npe, vim nws tshwm sim hauv cov xwm txheej hauv daim ntawv:

chalk;
marble;
limestone;
dolomite.

Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm alkaline ntiaj teb hlau carbonates tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb tias lawv yog cov koom tes hauv kev tsim cov stalactites thiab stalagmites, nrog rau cov dej hauv av.

Carbonic acid yog lwm qhov sib xyaw uas tsim cov pa roj carbon. Nws cov qauv yogH₂CO₃. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv nws daim ntawv li niaj zaus, nws tsis ruaj khov thiab tam sim ntawd decomposes rau hauv carbon dioxide thiab dej hauv kev daws. Yog li ntawd, tsuas yog nws cov ntsev yog paub, thiab tsis yog nws tus kheej, raws li kev daws.

Carbon halides - yog tau txais feem ntau tsis ncaj ncees lawm, txij li kev sib txuas ncaj qha tsuas yog nyob rau ntawm qhov kub thiab txias thiab nrog cov khoom lag luam qis. Ib qho ntawm feem ntau - CCL₄ - carbon tetrachloride. Ib qho tshuaj lom uas tuaj yeem ua rau lom yog tias nqus tau. Tau los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm radical photochemical hloov pauv ntawm hydrogen atoms hauv methane.

Metal carbides yog carbon compounds uas nws nthuav tawm lub xeev oxidation ntawm 4. Lub hav zoov ntawm cov koom haum nrog boron thiab silicon kuj ua tau. Cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb ntawm carbides ntawm qee cov hlau (txhuas, tungsten, titanium, niobium, tantalum, hafnium) yog lub zog siab thiab zoo heev hluav taws xob conductivity. Boron carbide В₄С yog ib qho nyuaj tshaj plaws tom qab pob zeb diamond (9.5 raws li Mohs). Cov tebchaw no yog siv rau hauv engineering, nrog rau hauv kev lag luam tshuaj, raws li qhov chaw tsim khoom ntawm hydrocarbons (calcium carbide nrog dej ua rau tsim acetylene thiab calcium hydroxide).

Ntau cov hlau alloys yog tsim los ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide, yog li ua kom lawv cov khoom zoo thiab cov yam ntxwv zoo (steel yog ib qho alloy ntawm hlau thiab carbon).

Kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb tsim nyog tau txais ntau cov organic sib txuas ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide, uas nws yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb uas muaj peev xwm ua ke nrog tib lub atoms rau hauv cov saw ntev ntawm ntau yam qauv. Cov no suav nrog:

alkanes;
alkenes;
arenas;
proteins;
carbs;
nucleic acids;
cawv;
carboxylic acids thiab ntau lwm chav kawm ntawm cov tshuaj.

Kev siv cov pa roj carbon

Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntsiab lus carbon thiab nws cov kev hloov pauv allotropic hauv tib neeg lub neej yog siab heev. Koj tuaj yeem sau npe rau qee qhov kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb kom paub meej tias qhov no muaj tseeb.

Lub caij no tsim txhua hom fossil fuels los ntawm tus neeg tau txais lub zog.
Kev lag luam metallurgical siv cov pa roj carbon monoxide ua tus neeg saib xyuas kom tau txais cov hlau los ntawm lawv cov tebchaw. Carbonates kuj tau siv dav ntawm no.
Kev tsim kho thiab kev lag luam tshuaj siv cov pa roj carbon ntau ntau los tsim cov tshuaj tshiab thiab tau txais cov khoom tsim nyog.

Koj tuaj yeem sau npe cov haujlwm ntawm kev lag luam xws li:

kev lag luam nuclear;
jewellery;
khoom siv thev naus laus zis (lubricants, kub-resistant crucibles, xaum, thiab lwm yam);
Kev txiav txim siab ntawm lub hnub nyoog geological ntawm pob zeb - radioactive tracer ¹⁴ С;
carbon yog ib qho zoo heev adsorbent, uas ua rau nws haum rau ua lim.

Kev ncig hauv xwm

Cov pa roj carbon ntau nyob hauv qhov xwm txheej suav nrog hauv lub voj voog tas li uas cycles txhua thib ob thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Yog li, lub atmospheric qhov chaw ntawm carbon - CO₂, yog absorbed.nroj tsuag thiab raug tso tawm los ntawm tag nrho cov nyob creatures nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm ua pa. Ib zaug nyob rau hauv cov huab cua, nws yog absorbed dua, thiab yog li ntawd lub voj voog tsis nres. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev tuag ntawm cov organic residues ua rau kev tso tawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide thiab nws cov tsub zuj zuj hauv lub ntiaj teb, los ntawm qhov chaw uas nws tau rov nqus los ntawm cov kab mob muaj sia thiab tso tawm rau hauv cov huab cua hauv daim ntawv roj.