Tshuaj sib npaug tuaj yeem hu ua qhov pom ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshuaj siv cov cim ntawm kev ua lej thiab cov qauv tshuaj. Qhov kev txiav txim zoo li no yog ib qho kev xav ntawm qee yam tshuaj tiv thaiv, thaum cov tshuaj tshiab tshwm sim.
Tshuaj ua haujlwm: hom
Ib qho kev sib npaug tshuaj yog ib ntu ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Lawv yog raws li txoj cai ntawm kev txuag ntawm huab hwm coj ntawm tej yam khoom. Tsuas muaj ob hom kev tshwm sim:
- Compounds - cov no suav nrog kev hloov pauv (cov atoms ntawm cov ntsiab lus nyuaj yog hloov los ntawm cov atoms ntawm cov reagents yooj yim), pauv (hloov cov ntsiab lus ntawm ob cov tshuaj complex), neutralization (cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm acids nrog bases, tsim. ntsev thiab dej).
- Decompositions - tsim ntawm ob lossis ntau dua lossis ntau yam tshuaj los ntawm ib qho nyuaj, tab sis lawv cov kev sib xyaw yog yooj yim dua.
Tshuaj lom neeg kuj tuaj yeem muab faib ua hom: exothermic (tshwm sim nrog kev tso cua sov) thiab endothermic (nqus cua sov).
Yuav daws cov tshuaj tiv thaiv li cas
Cov lus nug notxhawj ntau tus menyuam kawm ntawv. Peb muab qee cov lus qhia yooj yim los pab koj kawm paub daws cov kab sib npaug tshuaj:
- Lub siab xav nkag siab thiab tus tswv. Koj tsis tuaj yeem thim rov qab ntawm koj lub hom phiaj.
- Kev paub txog kev txawj ntse. Yog tsis muaj lawv, nws tsis yooj yim sua kom sau txawm tias ib qho qauv ntawm cov compound.
- Kev sau ntawv tsis raug ntawm cov teeb meem tshuaj - txawm tias qhov yuam kev me me hauv qhov xwm txheej yuav ua rau tag nrho koj txoj kev siv zog los daws nws.
Nws yog qhov xav tau tias cov txheej txheem ntawm kev daws cov tshuaj sib npaug yog qhov txaus siab rau koj. Tom qab ntawd cov tshuaj sib npaug (yuav daws lawv li cas thiab cov ntsiab lus twg koj yuav tsum nco ntsoov, peb yuav txheeb xyuas hauv kab lus no) yuav tsis muaj teeb meem rau koj ntxiv lawm.
Teeb meem uas daws tau siv qhov sib npaug ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv
Cov dej num xws li:
- Nrhiav qhov loj ntawm ib feem muab qhov loj ntawm lwm reagent.
- Txoj haujlwm rau kev sib xyaw ntawm "mass-mole".
- Volume-mole xam.
- Piv txwv siv lo lus "ntau".
- Xaiv siv cov tshuaj reagents, ib qho uas tsis muaj impurities.
- Teeb meem rau kev lwj ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab rau kev poob ntau lawm.
- Teeb meem nrhiav tus qauv.
- Teeb meem uas cov tshuaj reagents tau muab los ua kev daws teeb meem.
- Teeb meem muaj cov khoom sib xyaw.
Txhua yam ntawm cov teeb meem no suav nrog ntau hom subtypes, uas feem ntau tau piav qhia meej hauv thawj lub tsev kawm ntawv chemistry.
Tshuaj sib npaug: yuav daws li cas
Muaj algorithmuas pab daws tau yuav luag txhua txoj haujlwm los ntawm kev kawm nyuaj no. Txhawm rau kom nkag siab yuav ua li cas los daws cov kev sib npaug tshuaj kom raug, koj yuav tsum ua raws li tus qauv:
- Thaum sau cov lus sib npaug, tsis txhob hnov qab teeb tsa cov coefficients.
- Qhia seb cov ntaub ntawv tsis paub yuav nrhiav tau li cas.
- Kev thov kom raug ntawm cov proportions hauv cov qauv xaiv lossis kev siv lub tswv yim ntawm "ntau npaum li cas".
- Ua tib zoo ntsuas cov ntsuas.
Thaum kawg, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb los xyuas cov haujlwm. Hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev daws, koj tuaj yeem ua qhov yuam kev theem pib uas cuam tshuam qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev daws teeb meem.
Cov cai yooj yim rau kev sau tshuaj sib npaug
Yog koj ua raws li qhov tseeb, cov lus nug ntawm cov tshuaj sib npaug yog dab tsi, yuav daws lawv li cas, yuav tsis thab koj:
- Cov qauv ntawm cov tshuaj uas ua rau (reagents) yog sau rau ntawm sab laug ntawm qhov sib npaug.
- Cov qauv ntawm cov tshuaj uas tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv twb tau sau rau ntawm sab xis ntawm qhov sib npaug.
Composing the reaction equation is based on the law of conservation of mass of substances. Yog li ntawd, ob sab ntawm qhov sib npaug yuav tsum sib npaug, uas yog, nrog tib tus lej ntawm atoms. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua tiav yog tias cov coefficients raug muab tso rau pem hauv ntej ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov khoom.
Kev sib piv ntawm cov tshuaj sib npaug
Qhov tsis txaus ntseeg qhov kev tso kawm algorithm yog raws li hauv qab no:
- suav rau sab laug thiabsab xis ntawm qhov sib npaug ntawm cov atom ntawm txhua lub caij.
- Kev txiav txim siab ntawm qhov hloov pauv ntawm cov atoms hauv ib lub caij. Koj kuj yuav tsum nrhiav N. O. K.
- Tau txais cov coefficients tiav los ntawm kev faib N. O. K. rau indexes. Nco ntsoov muab cov lej no tso rau pem hauv ntej ntawm cov qauv.
- Cov kauj ruam tom ntej yog rov xam cov lej ntawm atoms. Qee zaum nws yuav tsum rov ua qhov kev txiav txim.
Qhov ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshuaj sib npaug yog siv cov coefficients. Indices yog xam los ntawm valency.
Rau qhov kev ua tiav tiav thiab kev daws teeb meem ntawm cov tshuaj sib npaug, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum coj mus rau hauv tus account lub cev ntawm cov teeb meem, xws li ntim, ntom, loj. Koj kuj yuav tsum paub txog lub xeev ntawm lub reacting system (concentration, kub, siab), nkag siab txog cov units ntawm kev ntsuas ntawm cov quantities.
Yuav kom nkag siab cov lus nug ntawm cov tshuaj sib npaug yog dab tsi, yuav daws tau li cas, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum siv cov cai thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb no. Txhawm rau kom ua tiav kev suav cov teeb meem zoo li no, nws tseem yuav tsum nco ntsoov lossis paub cov txuj ci ntawm kev ua lej, kom muaj peev xwm ua tau nrog cov lej. Peb cia siab tias peb cov lus qhia yuav pab koj daws cov tshuaj sib npaug yooj yim dua.
