Qhov teeb meem ntawm kev faib lus yog, ntawm chav kawm, nyuaj heev thiab muaj peev xwm. Dab tsi yog cov lus inflectional, thiab lawv yog dab tsi, hom lus dab tsi yog hom lus, Lavxias teb sab, koom nrog, cov lus nug no yuav tsis tshwm sim yooj yim hauv txhua hnub. Lub typology ntawm hom lus yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv kev sib txuas lus thiab kev siv tshuab thoob ntiaj teb. Txhua tus tub ntxhais kawm ntawm Philology kawm qhov no los ntawm lub siab. Ntau tus yuav hais tias cov ntaub ntawv no tsis tsim nyog thiab tsis muaj txiaj ntsig rau lawv, tab sis puas yog? Tej zaum nws tsim nyog paub txog qhov chaw ntawm koj hom lus nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov kab ke kom paub txog koj cov lus tsis zoo thiab nkag siab txog keeb kwm thiab kab lis kev cai ntawm cov lus uas peb hais txhua hnub.
cov ntaub ntawv dav dav
Kev faib cov lus muaj nyob raws li kev faib tawm sib txawv. Raws li kev faib cov noob caj noob ces, cov lus tau muab faib ua cov tsev neeg, uas nyob rau hauv lem tau muab faib ua pawg uas kuj muaj ceg. Kev faib ua hom lus, paub rau txhua tus, suav nrog Indo-European, Caucasian, Sino-Tibetan, Altaic thiab ntau lwm yam lus. Nyob rau hauv lem, Indo-European tsev neeg muab faib ua pawg, Slavic, Germanic, Romance, thiab lwm yam. Piv txwv li, lus Askiv belongs rau tsev neeg Indo-European, pawg Germanic, sab hnub poob ceg. Cov lus Lavxias belongs rau pawg Slavic ntawm Indo-European lus. Qhov kev faib tawm ntawm hom lus no qhia txog lawv txoj kev sib raug zoo. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov lus tau muab faib ua lwm yam. Muaj kev faib morphological thiab grammatical.
Morphological kev faib tawm ntawm hom lus
Tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb me me yog qhov kev faib tawm morphological lossis typological ntawm cov lus, uas qhia rau peb, raws li lub npe cuam tshuam, hom lus tsim. Raws li qhov kev faib tawm no, muaj plaub hom lus: 1) cais lossis amorphous 2) koom nrog lossis polysynthetic 3) inflectional 4) agglutinative. Cov linguists loj tshaj plaws ntawm txhua lub sijhawm tau hais txog lub ntsiab lus no. Piv txwv li, German philologists Lub Yim Hli thiab Friedrich Schlegel ib zaug tuaj txog qhov xaus tias cov lus tuaj yeem yog cov txheej txheem sib xyaw thiab kev txheeb xyuas ntawm kev tsim. Lwm tus kws tshawb fawb German nto moo, Wilhelm von Humboldt, txhim kho txoj kev xav, coj nws mus rau hauv daim ntawv uas peb muaj hnub no.
Cov lus tsis txaus ntseeg thiab kev sib cav sib ceg ua qhov sib txawv
Kom nkag siab zoo dua cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov hom no, lawv yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm hauv kev sib piv, vim lawv muaj cov khoom sib txawv. Cia peb pib nrog lo lus "inflectional" thiab nws etymology. Lo lus los ntawm Latin flectivus "flexible", uas txhais tau hais tias cov qauv hloov pauv ntawm cov lus. Cov lus inflectional yog hom lus uas tsim cov lus tsim los ntawm kev ntxiv ntau yam inflections nrog ntau haiv neeg thiab ntau lub ntsiab lus rau lo lus qia. Lo lus agglutinative los ntawm Latin agglutinatio - "gluing" thiab hais txog qhov tsis hloov pauv, ruaj khov.
Cov lus sib cav
Agglutinative languages yog cov lus uas lo lus tsim tshwm sim los ntawm kev ntxiv morphemes nrog ib lub ntsiab lus xwb, tsis muaj kev hloov pauv. Agglutinative lus suav nrog, piv txwv li, Turkic thiab Finno-Ugric. Ib qho piv txwv zoo ntawm cov lus ntawm pab pawg no yog Japanese, Bashkir lossis Tatar. Cia peb saib ib qho piv txwv: lo lus Tatar "khatlarynda", uas txhais tau tias "hauv nws cov ntawv" muaj cov morphemes: "lub kaus mom" - "ntawv", "lar" - morpheme nrog ntau tus nqi, "yn" - morpheme ntawm tus thib peb, "yog" muaj lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hauv zos. Ntawd yog, txhua morpheme tsuas muaj ib lub ntsiab lus xwb. Lwm qhov piv txwv zoo los ntawm cov lus Bashkir: lo lus "bash", uas txhais tau tias "lub taub hau", muaj lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nominative, singular. Peb ntxiv lub morpheme "lar" rau nws - "bash-lar" thiab tam sim no nws txhais tau tias "heads", uas yog, lub morpheme "lar" muaj ib lub ntsiab lus - lub plural.
Cov lus tsis txaus ntseeg
Tam sim no cia peb saib ze dua ntawm cov lus tsis txaus ntseeg. Raws li tau hais los saum no, morphemes hauv qhov no muaj ntau lub ntsiab lus, uas peb tuaj yeem pom hauv cov piv txwv ntawm cov lus Lavxias. Lub adjective "zoo nkauj" muaj qhov xaus "y", uas qhia rau peb cov txiv neej, nominative thiab plural tib lub sijhawm. Yog li ntawd, ibmorpheme - peb lub ntsiab lus. Cia peb ua lwm yam piv txwv: lub npe "phau ntawv", qhov kawg "a" yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm poj niam, lus thiab nominative rooj plaub. Yog li, peb tuaj yeem xaus tias cov lus Lavxias yog inflectional. Lwm cov piv txwv ntawm cov lus ntawm hom inflectional tuaj yeem yog German lossis Latin, nrog rau feem ntau ntawm cov lus ntawm Indo-European tsev neeg paub rau peb, tshwj xeeb, tag nrho cov lus ntawm pawg Slavic. Rov qab mus rau German cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, nws tsim nyog sau cia tias cov lus inflectional, dhau los, tuaj yeem yog kev sib xyaw lossis kev tshuaj ntsuam ntawm kev tsim. Cov txheej txheem hluavtaws implies qhov tseeb tias lo lus tsim tshwm sim los ntawm kev ntxiv ntau yam morphemes, suffixes thiab postfixes. Txoj kev tsom xam kuj tso cai rau siv cov lus ua haujlwm. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab peb yuav hais tias "Kuv tabtom sau" siv lub neej yav tom ntej tense xaus, uas yog ib tug hluavtaws txoj kev ntawm tsim. Lossis koj tuaj yeem hais tias "Kuv yuav sau" siv cov lus ua haujlwm ntawm lub sijhawm yav tom ntej "Kuv yuav", uas yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm txoj kev tshuaj xyuas. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias tsis muaj qhov sib txawv hauv qhov kev faib tawm no, ntau hom lus sib txawv ntawm kev tsim cov lus. Ib lo lus nug tseem ceeb yog lus Askiv, niaj hnub no cov lus kawm tshaj plaws, puas yog inflectional lossis agglutinative?
Puas yog lus Askiv inflectional?
Yuav teb lo lus nug no, koj yuav tsum tau ua ib qho kev soj ntsuam me me raws li cov ntaub ntawv tau txais los saum toj no. Cia peb muab cov lus Askiv "sleeps", uas txhais tau tias "sleeps", qhov twg qhov xaus "s" tseem ceebpeb tus neeg singular, tam sim no tense. Ib morpheme - peb lub ntsiab lus. Yog li ntawd, lus Askiv yog ib hom lus inflectional. Txhawm rau ntxiv dag zog rau txoj kev xav, ob peb qho piv txwv ntxiv: cov lus qhia "tau ua tiav" nrog lub ntsiab lus "ua tiav", qhov twg lo lus ua haujlwm "have" qhia peb txog ntau qhov ntau thiab qhov zoo tag nrho tib lub sijhawm; "yog noj" - "noj", qhov twg lo lus "yog" yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus, peb tus neeg, tam sim no tense. Qhov ntau ntawm cov piv txwv nrog cov lus ua haujlwm hauv lus Askiv hais txog kev txheeb xyuas feem ntau ntawm kev tsim cov lus.
Qhia txog kev cais thiab cov lus polysynthetic
Cov lus hais lus tsis zoo thiab cov lus agglutative muaj ntau tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, tab sis tseem muaj ob hom. Kev rho tawm lossis cov lus amorphous yog cov lus uas tsim cov lus uas yog qhov tsis muaj tag nrho ntawm cov lus hloov thiab ntxiv ntawm morphemes. Yog li lawv lub npe heev. Cov lus zoo li no suav nrog, piv txwv li, Suav. Lo lus "cha wo bu he" txhais tau tias "Kuv tsis haus tshuaj yej". Kev koom ua ke lossis cov lus polysynthetic tej zaum yog hom lus nyuaj tshaj plaws los kawm thiab hais lus. Lo lus tsim hauv lawv tshwm sim los ntawm kev ntxiv cov lus rau ib leeg los ua kab lus. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Mev lus "ninakakwa", qhov twg "ni" - "Kuv", "naka" - "noj", "kwa" - "nqaij"
