Muaj plaub chav kawm tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv bioorganic complex: proteins, rog, nucleic acids thiab carbohydrates. Polysaccharides yog nyob rau hauv pawg tom kawg. Txawm hais tias lub npe "qab zib", feem ntau ntawm lawv ua tiav tsis yog ua noj ua haus.
YPolysaccharide - yog dab tsi?
Cov tshuaj ntawm pab pawg kuj hu ua glycans. Ib tug polysaccharide yog ib tug complex polymer molecule. Nws yog tsim los ntawm ib tus neeg monomers - monosaccharide residues, uas yog ua ke siv glycosidic daim ntawv cog lus. Yooj yim muab, polysaccharide yog ib qho molecule tsim los ntawm cov khoom seem ntawm cov carbohydrates yooj yim. Tus naj npawb ntawm monomers hauv ib lub polysaccharide tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm ob peb lub kaum rau ib puas lossis ntau dua. Cov qauv ntawm polysaccharides tuaj yeem yog linear lossis branched.
Lub cev muaj zog
Feem ntau polysaccharides yog insoluble lossis tsis zoo soluble hauv dej. Feem ntau lawv tsis muaj xim lossis daj. Feem ntau cov polysaccharides tsis muaj ntxhiab thiab tsis qab, tab sis qee zaum nws tuaj yeem ua rau qab zib.
Basic chemical properties
Hydrolysis thiab derivatization tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm cov tshuaj tshwj xeeb ntawm polysaccharides.
Hydrolysis yog txheej txheem uas tshwm sim thaum muaj kev cuam tshuamcarbohydrate nrog dej nrog kev koom tes ntawm enzymes lossis catalysts xws li acids. Thaum cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no, polysaccharide tawg mus rau hauv monosaccharides. Yog li, peb tuaj yeem hais tias hydrolysis yog cov txheej txheem rov qab ntawm polymerization
Starch glycolysis tuaj yeem qhia los ntawm qhov sib npaug hauv qab no:
(S6N10O5) + n N2O=n C6N12O 6
Yog li, thaum cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab ua rau dej hauv qab qhov kev ua ntawm catalysts, peb tau txais cov piam thaj. Tus naj npawb ntawm nws cov molecules yuav sib npaug rau cov monomers uas tsim cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab.
Kev tsim cov derivatives tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm polysaccharides nrog cov kua qaub. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, carbohydrates muab cov kua qaub residues rau lawv tus kheej, uas ua rau tsim cov sulfates, acetates, phosphates, thiab lwm yam. Tsis tas li ntawd, txuas ntawm methanol residues tuaj yeem tshwm sim, uas ua rau tsim cov esters
Lub luag haujlwm lom neeg
Polysaccharides hauv cell thiab lub cev tuaj yeem ua haujlwm hauv qab no:
- tiv thaiv;
- qauv;
- reserve;
- zog.
Cov haujlwm tiv thaiv feem ntau yog qhov tseeb tias cov phab ntsa ntawm tes ntawm cov kab mob muaj sia yog tsim los ntawm polysaccharides. Yog li, lub cell phab ntsa ntawm cov nroj tsuag muaj cellulose, fungi - ntawm chitin, kab mob - ntawm murein.
Ntxiv rau, kev tiv thaiv kev ua haujlwm ntawm polysaccharides nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev yog qhia nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb hais tias cov qog secretes secretions enriched nrog cov carbohydrates, uas tiv thaiv cov phab ntsa ntawm lub cev xws li.plab, hnyuv, txoj hlab pas, bronchi, thiab lwm yam. los ntawm kev puas tsuaj thiab nkag mus rau cov kab mob pathogenic.
Cov qauv ua haujlwm ntawm polysaccharides hauv lub cell yog tias lawv yog ib feem ntawm cov plasma membrane. Lawv kuj yog cov khoom ntawm organelle membranes.
Txoj haujlwm tom ntej yog tias cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab mob yog cov polysaccharides meej. Rau tsiaj thiab fungi, qhov no yog glycogen. Starch yog qhov khaws cia polysaccharide hauv cov nroj tsuag.
Qhov kawg ua haujlwm tau qhia hauv qhov tseeb tias polysaccharide yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub zog rau lub cell. Ib lub xovtooj ntawm tes tuaj yeem tau txais nws los ntawm cov carbohydrate los ntawm kev faib nws mus rau hauv monosaccharides thiab ntxiv oxidizing nws rau carbon dioxide thiab dej. Qhov nruab nrab, thaum ib gram ntawm polysaccharides tawg lawm, ib lub xovtooj tau txais 17.6 kJ ntawm lub zog.
YKev siv cov polysaccharides
Cov tshuaj no tau siv dav hauv kev lag luam thiab tshuaj. Feem ntau ntawm lawv tau txais nyob rau hauv lub chaw soj nstuam los ntawm polymerization ntawm yooj yim carbohydrates.
Cov polysaccharides siv dav tshaj plaws yog cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab, cellulose, dextrin, agar-agar.
| Npe khoom | Siv | Source |
| Starch | Nrhiav daim ntawv thov hauv kev lag luam zaub mov. Nws kuj tseem ua cov khoom siv raw rau kev tsim cov piam thaj, cawv. Nws yog siv rau kev tsim cov kua nplaum, yas. Kuj tseem siv rau hauv kev lag luam textile | Tau los ntawm qos tubers, nrog rau cov noob ntawm pob kws, nplej chaff, nplej thiab lwm yam nroj tsuag uas muaj hmoov txhuv nplej siab |
| Pulp | Cov tshuaj no yog tau los ntawm ntoo, feem ntau cov nroj tsuag coniferous. Nws tseem tuaj yeem tau txais cov ntaub qhwv los ntawm hemp thiab paj rwb | |
| Dextrin | Yog cov khoom noj ntxiv E1400. Kuj tseem siv rau hauv kev tsim cov nplaum | Ua los ntawm cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab los ntawm kev kho cua sov |
| Agar-agar | Cov tshuaj no thiab nws cov derivatives yog siv los ua stabilizers hauv kev tsim cov khoom noj (piv txwv li, ice cream thiab marmalade), kua roj vanish, xim | Extracted los ntawm xim av algae, vim nws yog ib qho ntawm lawv cov phab ntsa ntawm tes |
Tam sim no koj paub tias polysaccharides yog dab tsi, lawv siv rau dab tsi, lawv lub luag haujlwm hauv lub cev yog dab tsi, lawv lub cev thiab tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg.
