Geography yog ib qho ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb qub tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Txawm tias cov neeg thaum ub tau kawm txog lawv thaj chaw, kos thawj daim duab qhia keeb kwm ntawm cov phab ntsa ntawm lawv lub qhov tsua. Tau kawg, niaj hnub kev tshawb fawb ntawm thaj chaw teeb tsa nws tus kheej ua haujlwm sib txawv kiag li. Dab tsi raws nraim? Nws kawm dab tsi? Thiab txhais li cas ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb no?
Defining geography: cov teeb meem loj thiab teeb meem
Yog physics qhia "yuav ua li cas", keeb kwm piav qhia "thaum" thiab "vim li cas", ces geography qhia "qhov twg". Tau kawg, qhov no yog qhov yooj yim pom ntawm cov ncauj lus no.
Geography yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb qub heev. Lub sij hawm nws tus kheej muaj keeb kwm Greek thaum ub thiab tau muab txhais ua "kev piav qhia ntawm lub ntiaj teb". Thiab nws lub hauv paus tau muab tso rau hauv qhov qub qub. Thawj tus kws tshawb fawb-geographer hu ua Claudius Ptolemy, uas nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua ob luam tawm ib phau ntawv nrog ib tug unambiguous title: "Geography". Cov hauj lwm muaj yim ntim.
Nrog rau lwm cov kws tshawb fawb uas tau pab txhawb kev loj hlobGeography raws li kev tshawb fawb, nws tsim nyog hais txog Gerhard Mercator, Alexander Humboldt, Karl Ritter, W alter Christaller, Vladimir Vernadsky, Vasily Dokuchaev.
Qhov tseeb thiab sib koom ua ke txhais ntawm thaj chaw tseem yog qhov nyuaj heev. Raws li ib qho ntawm ntau qhov kev txhais lus, qhov no yog ib txoj kev tshawb fawb uas kawm ntau yam ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab cov qauv ntawm lub hnab ntawv ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Muaj lwm lub ntsiab lus ntawm thaj chaw, raws li qhov kev tshawb fawb no kawm txog cov qauv ntawm kev faib tawm ntawm txhua qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub ntiaj teb saum npoo av. Tab sis xibfwb V. P. Budanov tau sau tias txawm hais tias nws nyuaj heev los txiav txim siab cov ntsiab lus ntawm thaj chaw, nws cov khoom, yam tsis muaj kev poob siab, yog qhov chaw ntawm tag nrho lub ntiaj teb.
Geography raws li kev tshawb fawb ntawm thaj chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb
Txawm li cas los xij, lub ntsiab ntawm kev kawm yog lub plhaub ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Kev tshawb fawb hauv tsev muab cov ntsiab lus hauv qab no ntawm lo lus no. Lub plhaub geographic yog ib qho tseem ceeb thiab tsis tu ncua ntawm lub ntiaj teb lub ntiaj teb, uas muaj tsib yam qauv:
- lithosphere;
- hydrospheres;
- atmosphere;
- biosphere;
- anthroposphere.
Ntxiv mus, lawv txhua tus muaj kev sib raug zoo thiab tsis tu ncua, sib pauv teeb meem, lub zog thiab cov ntaub ntawv.
Lub plhaub ntawm thaj chaw muaj nws tus kheej qhov ntsuas (thickness - txog 25-27 mais), thiab kuj muaj qee yam qauv. Ntawm cov no yog kev ncaj ncees (kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov khoom thiab cov qauv), atherosclerosis (periodic repetitionntuj phenomena), latitudinal zonality, altitudinal zonality.
Tus qauv ntawm thaj chaw tshawb fawb
Qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm ntuj thiab tib neeg kev tshawb fawb tau dhau los ntawm "lub cev" ntawm kev tshawb fawb thaj chaw ib zaug, tawg nws cov kev qhuab qhia rau hauv cov dav hlau sib txawv ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Yog li, qee cov ceg ntawm lub cev-geographical muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog physics lossis chemistry ntau dua li cov pejxeem lossis kev lag luam.
Neeg ntiaj teb muab faib ua ob yam loj.
- Lub cev.
- kev lag luam thiab nyiaj txiag.
thawj pab pawg suav nrog hydrography, climatology, geomorphology, glaciology, av geography thiab lwm yam. Nws tsis yog qhov nyuaj rau twv tias lawv koom nrog kev kawm ntawm cov khoom ntuj. Pab pawg thib ob suav nrog kev lag luam, pej xeem thaj chaw, kev tshawb fawb hauv nroog (kev tshawb fawb ntawm nroog), kev tshawb fawb hauv cheeb tsam thiab lwm yam.
Txuas nrog lwm yam kev tshawb fawb
Zoo npaum li cas thaj chaw muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog lwm yam kev tshawb fawb? Qhov chaw twg nws nyob hauv qhov system ntawm kev qhuab qhia kev tshawb fawb?
Geography muaj qhov ze tshaj plaws nrog cov kev tshawb fawb xws li lej, keeb kwm, physics thiab chemistry, kev lag luam, biology thiab psychology. Zoo li lwm yam kev qhuab qhia, nws kuj tau txuas nrog caj ces rau kev xav thiab kev xav.
Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias qee qhov kev sib txuas ntawm kev tshawb fawb no tau muaj zog heev uas lawv tau nthuav tawm tag nrho cov tshiab hu ua cross-cutting disciplines. Cov no suav nrog cov hauv qab no:
- cartography (geography + geometry);
- toponymy(geography + linguistics);
- keeb kwm geography (geography + keeb kwm);
- av science (geography + chemistry).
Cov teeb meem hauv thaj chaw tseem ceeb ntawm theem tam sim no ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm kev tshawb fawb
Raws li nws suab txawv txawv, ib qho teeb meem ntawm thaj chaw tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm thaj chaw raws li kev tshawb fawb. Ntxiv mus, methodologists thiab theorists tau nqa tawm los ntawm kev daws qhov teeb meem no uas cov lus nug tau tshwm sim lawm, puas muaj kev tshawb fawb zoo li no?
Nyob rau xyoo pua 21st, lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog thaj chaw tau nce. Nrog kev pab los ntawm ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm cov ntaub ntawv analytical thiab fact, ntau yam geomodels yog tsim (climatic, geopolitical, ib puag ncig, thiab lwm yam).
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm thaj chaw nyob rau theem tam sim no tsis yog tsuas yog paub txog kev sib sib zog nqus ntawm cov xwm txheej ntuj thiab cov txheej txheem kev sib raug zoo, tab sis kuj tseem yuav kawm paub kwv yees lawv li cas. Geourbanistics yog ib ceg tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub no. Lub ntiaj teb cov pej xeem hauv nroog loj hlob txhua xyoo. Lub nroog loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb tab tom ntsib teeb meem tshiab thiab cov teeb meem uas yuav tsum tau muaj kev daws teeb meem tam sim ntawd.
