Cov lus tub rog yog ib pawg loj ntawm cov lus. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm cov lus no yog tsim cov khoom, qhov tshwm sim thiab cov ntsiab lus ntsig txog kev kov yeej thiab kev tiv thaiv - lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm thiab kev nom kev tswv ntawm txhua lub sijhawm thiab tib neeg.
Kev Ua Tub Rog terminology
Cov ntsiab lus tub rog thiab cov lus txhais yog ib feem ntawm kev qhib cov lus hais tawm uas raug hloov pauv thiab ua neej raws li txoj cai tshwj xeeb ntawm kev txhim kho.
Txij thaum ub, thaum cov tub rog kev tshawb fawb tau los ua ntej, tau hloov pauv hauv kev sib cais, cov ntawv sau npe tshwj xeeb uas siv los ntawm cov tub rog tshwj xeeb hauv kev ua tsov rog thiab hauv lub neej niaj hnub ntawm cov tub rog pib. nthuav dav: kev ua tsov rog hauv zos, kev xav thiab kev tshaj tawm, riam phom, kev cob qhia kev sib ntaus sib tua. Nrog rau kev nce zuj zus ntawm cov cuab yeej ua tub rog thiab kev txhim kho ntawm kev muaj peev xwm thiab kev muaj peev xwm, cov npe tshiab tau pib tshwm thiab ua tiav hauv cov lus: tsaws, tub rog aviation, nuclear rog. Tactically obsolete khoom yog maj mam tsiv mus rau hauv qeb ntawm historicisms: ballista, gazyri, Table ntawm qeb, cavalry, tub rog liab. Tseem muaj ib qho tseem ceeb indivisible "core"Cov ntsiab lus thoob ntiaj teb uas tau muaj sia nyob ntau pua xyoo: tub rog, tus thawj coj, nkoj, khoom plig, yeej.
Nyob hauv nws lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb, cov lus ua tub rog ua haujlwm rau kev txaus siab ntawm tib neeg thiab lub xeev, vim nws cuam tshuam nrog cov txheej txheem dej hauv kev nom kev tswv (ob leeg sab nraud thiab sab hauv).
Kev faib ua tub rog cov ntsiab lus thiab cov ntsiab lus
Nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub no, cov ntsiab lus tub rog thiab cov ntsiab lus, nrog rau cov khoom uas lawv xaiv, yog nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm kev loj hlob dynamic nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm tas mus li scientific thiab technological kev vam meej. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv ib cheeb tsam tshwj xeeb uas nws tau muab, lo lus tseem yog ib qho chaw ruaj khov uas tsis hloov nws lub ntsiab lus.
Ntawm cov lus ua tub rog, nws yog ib txwm ua kom paub qhov txawv pawg hauv qab no:
- cov lus tub rog-kev nom kev tswv (kev tawm tsam, kev tawm tsam);
- tub rog-diplomatic lus (lub koom haum);
- cov lus tub rog-txheej txheem (xa mus rau ntau hom tub rog thiab ceg ntawm kev pabcuam).
Kev txhim kho ntawm cov lus siv hauv Lavxias
Lub hauv paus pib ntawm cov lus siv tub rog hauv Cov Lus Laus Laus tuaj yeem taug qab ntawm qhov piv txwv ntawm cov ntawv nyeem "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" (xws li 1187). Txij li thaum "Lo lus" tau mob siab rau kev ua tub rog, cov lus tub rog ntawm lawv lub sijhawm muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm no: kev ua tub rog, kev thuam, pab tub rog, tub rog, kaus mom hlau, daim thaiv, hmuv, hneev, xub, thiab lwm yam.
Ntxiv mus, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th, raws li cov lus tsim, qiv-Latinisms thiab Germanisms pib nkag mus rau hauv nws. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv phau ntawv txhais lus German "Lub Art of War of the Infantry" (tshaj tawm xyoo 1647) muaj.ntau cov lus tub rog German uas tseem muaj nyob: musketeer, tub rog, kos npe, tus thawj coj, thiab lwm yam.
Nyob rau hauv cov chav kawm ntawm kev ua tub rog kev sib raug zoo thiab kev yeej yeej nyob rau hauv lub XI-XVII centuries. Cov tub rog lexicon tau ntxiv cov lus los ntawm cov lus Turkic: quiver, beshmet, guard, etc.
Nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm ntawm Peter lub Great, Lavxias teb sab lus tau enriched nrog cov tub rog thiab naval terminology ua tsaug rau lub active kev hloov kho ntawm thawj Lavxias teb sab huab tais. Ua tsaug rau kev tsim cov nkoj tsim thiab kev qiv cov thev naus laus zis los ntawm Dutch thiab lus Askiv, cov ntsiab lus hauv hiav txwv tau nkag mus, thiab tam sim no muaj feem cuam tshuam hauv kev ua tub rog: tua, nkoj, pennant, fairway, nkoj, davhlau (Dutch), nkoj, brig., midshipman (English).
Fab Kis thiab Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, uas nws cov tub rog tau nyob hauv lub sijhawm ntawm XVIII-XIX centuries. lub koom haum tshaj plaws thiab muaj kev cob qhia zoo, tau coj los rau hauv peb cov lus hais xws li tub rog, battalion, garrison, carriage, attack, landing, captain, March, mine, cavalry, courier, sapper, squadron (Fabkis), corporal, assault, guardhouse, bandolier, camp (German), thiab lwm yam. Cov lus sib tham tau pab txhawb qhov tseeb tias carbonari, cavalier, barricade, bastion, arsenal, thiab lwm yam los ntawm cov lus Italian.
Nyob rau hauv cov lus Lavxias niaj hnub no, feem ntau ntawm cov qiv nyiaj tau qhia los ntawm cov lus Askiv thiab nws qhov txawv ntawm Asmeskas. Cov no yog cov tub rog ua tub rog thiab cov cuab yeej siv tub rog, cov ntsiab lus thiab cov ntsiab lus uas muaj analogues hauv Lavxias: nyoob hoom qav taub - nyoob hoom qav taub, sniper - tua, submarine - submarine, aviator -pilot, etc.
Lexicography ntawm cov lus tub rog
Sau ua ke lub ntsiab lus "tub rog" arsenal ntawm cov lus, sau phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm cov tub rog, tsis yog ib txoj haujlwm yooj yim. Ntawm qhov tod tes, qhov no qhib lub peev xwm ntawm keeb kwm nco txog cov lus, ntawm qhov tod tes, muaj qhov xav tau ceev ceev rau codification thiab systematization, ntsig txog, ntawm lwm yam, rau sab kev cai lij choj ntawm tub rog lub neej ntawm tib neeg..
Hauv xyoo 2011, ib pab neeg sau ntawv nyob rau hauv kev kho dav dav ntawm D. O. Rogozin tau npaj ib txoj haujlwm tshawb fawb loj - phau ntawv txhais lus tshwj xeeb-xov xwm "Kev Tsov Rog thiab Kev Thaj Yeeb hauv Cov Lus thiab Txhais". Phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm cov lus tub rog no tau mob siab rau txhua pawg ntawm cov lus tshwj xeeb uas peb tau muaj npe yav dhau los. Nws embodied cov khoom mob siab rau cov npe tshwj xeeb hauv ntau ntu - lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog thiab kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb, kev ua tub rog, tub rog keeb kwm, cov ncauj lus niaj hnub ntawm lub teb chaws thiab thoob ntiaj teb kev ruaj ntseg. Yog li, piv txwv li, Phau ntawv txhais lus txhais txoj cai lij choj - ib lo lus uas tau hnov dav dav txawm nyob hauv thaj chaw thaj yeeb:
txoj cai lij choj - kev xa tawm ntawm cov tub rog tawm tsam raws li kev xav tau ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog (piv txwv li coj lawv mus rau qib siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev npaj kev sib ntaus sib tua)
Lub ntsiab lus ntawm phau ntawv txhais lus qhia txog cov teeb meem ntawm tub rog kev tshawb fawb thiab kev xav ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, keeb kwm thiab kev faib tawm ntawm Pawg Tub Rog thiab txhais tau tias riam phom, nrog rau kev lag luam, thaj chaw, kev qhia, keeb kwm thiab kev cai lij choj ntsig txog thaj chaw no.
Cov lus tub rog hauv "ua neej nyob" lus
Raws li koj paub, lub neej tsis nyob twj ywm. Nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub no, cov lus ua tub rog, nrog rau cov khoom uas lawv xaiv, yog nyob rau hauv ib lub xeevdynamic txoj kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm nruam scientific thiab technological kev vam meej. Ntawm qhov teeb meem tshwj xeeb yog qhov systematization ntawm xws li ib tug loj loj corpus ntawm lexemes: raws li L. F. Parparov, tus naj npawb ntawm cov khoom siv nyob rau hauv niaj hnub armed rog mus txog 3 lab khoom.
Ntxiv rau, nws tau raug sau tseg tias kev ua kom "tsim" ntawm cov ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb thiab cov ntsiab lus tshwm sim thaum lub sijhawm ua tub rog "tawm tsam", uas yog thaum lub sijhawm muaj kev sib cav sib ceg, kev tawm tsam kev tawm tsam, kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm haiv neeg thiab kev ntseeg: kev ua phem., cais tawm, "Bandera", martyrs, "suicide siv", thiab lwm yam.
Military terminology in hais lus
Sphere ntawm kev siv cov tub rog cov ntsiab lus tsis txwv rau lub hauv paus chaw ua haujlwm thiab barracks, pem hauv ntej kab thiab nram qab, - nyob rau nplooj ntawv ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm nrov thiab cov ntawv xov xwm, TV programs npog cov xwm txheej nom tswv, qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov tub rog hauv tsev., tub rog tsis sib haum xeeb, thiab, ntawm chav kawm, tus sau-tub rog neeg sau xov xwm koj tsis tuaj yeem ua yam tsis muaj cov lus tshwj xeeb.
Linguist S. G. Ter-Minasova tau sau tseg tias hauv phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus, "tso tseg" ntawm 98 cov kev xaiv tau nthuav tawm los qhia txog kev ua phem rau lub cev, thiab tsuas yog 11 lo lus thiab kab lus los qhia kev ua siab zoo thiab kev txo hwj chim. Kuj ceeb tias, txawm tias siv cov lus niaj hnub no, lub arsenal tseem ceeb ntawm "hmuv thiab xub" tau muab zais.
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev ua piv txwv hauv cov lus ua tub rog
Xav txog keeb kwm ntawm noob neej raws li "keeb kwm ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog", nws tuaj yeem sau tseg tias cov lus tub rog tau nkag mus rau ntau thaj chaw ntawm lub neej (kev nom kev tswv,diplomacy, journalism, kev sib tham ntiag tug thiab kev sib txuas lus txhua hnub), entangling lawv nrog ib tug network ntawm metaphors: kev tawm tsam rau purity, tsov rog nrog tus cwj mem; Lub ntsej muag lub ntsej muag raug tso dag hu ua " phom loj" hauv cov poj niam cov khoom tu tawv nqaij, thiab lwm yam.
B”, hnyav flamethrower system TOS-1 “Pinocchio”, intercontinental lub tswv yim complex “Topol-M”, thiab lwm yam.
Lub ntsiab lus hloov hauv cov lus tub rog feem ntau yog ua raws li kev xav los yog kev paub ntawm tus neeg. Yog li ntawd, los qhia lub tswvyim, cov lus yog siv uas qhia lub npe zoo tib yam los yog lub tswvyim: ib tug booby ntxiab; "caterpillars" ntawm lub tank; "Kev tuag scythe" (tsim phom thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib 1); tank, tub (tank thaum Lub Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib 1), Tsar-tank, Rook (Su-25 aircraft).
Qhov teeb meem ntawm kev txhais cov lus tub rog
Thaum txhais cov ntawv txawv teb chaws uas muaj cov ntsiab lus ua tub rog thiab cov ntsiab lus, kev nyuaj feem ntau tshwm sim vim cov lus tsis sib xws los ntawm:
- tsis muaj qhov sib piv ntawm lub tswv yim thiab kev muaj tiag (Tub rog yog Tub Rog Hauv Tebchaws, tsis yog tub rog);
- tsis sib xws lossis tsis tiav ntawm cov ntsiab lus (Military Academy yog tsev kawm tub rog, tsis yog tub rog kawm);
- qhov sib txawv ntawm cov kab ke ntawm cov tub rog ntawm ntau lub tebchaws;
- qhov sib txawv ntawm kev teeb tsa lub koom haum thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm(ib pab tub rog nyob rau hauv UK pab tub rog yog ib pab tub rog, thiab nyob rau hauv US pab tub rog nws yog ib tug reconnaissance tuam txhab);
- luv "lub sijhawm ntawm lub neej" ntawm tus kheej cov ntsiab lus (piv txwv li, phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib ib thiab thib ob txawv heev, txawm tias tsawg dua 30 xyoo tau dhau los ntawm lawv);
- tus lej tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntawv luv thiab cov ntawv luv uas nyuaj rau kev txiav txim siab;
- ntaus lus slang (Kuv ob txhais taw qhuav - Kuv ya hla av; Tsis muaj kev xyiv fab - tsis pom lub hom phiaj).
