tim Nkij teb chaws muaj ntau yam khoom vaj tsev uas muaj txiaj ntsig keeb kwm siab. Ib tug ntawm lawv yog Acropolis ntawm Athens. Acropolis - yog dab tsi? Acropolis txhais tias "lub nroog siab" hauv Greek. Qhov no yog limestone tiaj tus toj saum lub nroog (kwv yees li 80 m siab) nrog txoj kab nqes hav ntawm txhua sab, tsuas yog sab hnub poob. Nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov qauv no yog kev tiv thaiv los ntawm invaders.
Ancient settlements
Acropolis thaum ub hauv Athens tau hais ntev ua ntej pib ntawm lub sijhawm qub ntawm keeb kwm. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev khawb, cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam kev lis kev cai tau tshawb pom uas sib haum rau lub hnub nyoog Bronze (tsuas yog thaum ntxov thiab nruab nrab). Nyob rau hauv lub 7th-6th centuries BC e. cov tuam tsev tau tsim, tab sis tom qab ntawd cov Persians puas tsuaj.
Raws li cov lus dab neeg, Greek Acropolis tau tsim los ntawm Athenian huab tais Kekrops. Qhov siab ntawm qhov chaw dais ib lub npe muab los ntawm nws lub npe - "cecropia" (cecropia).
Lub ntsiab lus
"Parthenon, propylea, acropolis" - cov ntsiab lus no txhais li cas, thiab dab tsi yog lub hauv paus ntawm cov lus no?
- Parthenon - lub tuam tsev tseem ceeb hauv Greek Acropolis, muab rau tus vajtswv poj niam Athena. Los ntawm Greek "parthenos"txhais ua "virgin". Athena ris lub npe menyuam yaus.
- Lo lus "propylea" los ntawm Greek propylaion. Qhov no yog lub hauv paus koov ntawm qhov nkag mus rau Acropolis ntawm Athens. Nws muaj ob theem sib txawv ntawm Doric porticos.
- Lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus "acropolis" hauv Greek txhais tau tias "acro" - roob, "polis" - lub nroog. Qhov ntawd yog, nws yog ib feem ruaj khov ntawm lub nroog Greek, nyob saum toj.
- Erechtheion yog ib lub tuam tsev rau Poseidon thiab Athena. Nws muaj qhov sib xyaw asymmetric nyob ntawm ntau qib.
- Hekatompedon - lub tuam tsev qub tshaj plaws ntawm Acropolis, uas tau mob siab rau Athena.
Acropolis thiab nws lub hom phiaj
Acropolis - Dab tsi yog zais hauv lub npe qub thiab nws lub ntsiab lus yog dab tsi? Nws yog qhov chaw tseem ceeb rau kev nrhiav huab tais. Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau hauv muaj ntau lub tuam tsev uas tau thov Vajtswv rau Greek cov vajtswv thiab tau ua kev txi. Thaum lub sij hawm conquest los ntawm cov Turks, lub Acropolis ua raws li ib tug mosque rau lawv. Niaj hnub no nws yog ib tug ancient monument ntawm architectural art.
Lub Acropolis ntawm Athens ua ib pawg kws ua vaj tse
Lub Acropolis ua kom pom lub nroog Athens. Nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, qhov chaw no muaj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub sanctuary thiab ib tug kab lis kev cai center. Tag nrho cov vaj tse sab hauv, cov tuam tsev tsim ib pawg. Lub architecture ntawm Acropolis yog txawv txawv, tag nrho nws cov khoom yog ib qho tseem ceeb, tsis muaj qhov chaw rau lub caij nyoog - cov tsev thiab monuments, lawv qhov chaw yog ua tib zoo xav tawm thiab tsis tshua muaj laj thawj. Cov pawg no yog tsim asymmetrically thiab sib haum mus rau ob lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm architectureAncient tim Nkij teb chaws nyob rau hauv nws heyday: kev sib haum xeeb nyob rau hauv qhov sib npaug ntawm pawg neeg thiab kev xaav ntawm architectural art nyob rau hauv lub dynamics ntawm nws kev tsim kho. Tuam tsev ntawm Parthenon thiab Hekatompedon - qhov chaw. Lub Acropolis muaj 21 lub tsev (lub tsev ua yeeb yam ntawm Dionysus, tus pej thuam ntawm Athena Promachos, Propylaea, lub thaj Athenian, lub sanctuary ntawm Zeus thiab lwm yam).
khoom tsim khoom
Hnub no Acropolis zoo li cas? Cov ntaub ntawv twg yog tag nrho ntawm nws lub tsev ua los ntawm?
Tam sim no, ntau lub tuam tsev architectural ntawm lub acropolis tab tom kho dua tshiab. Yog li ntawd, thaum saib ntawm qhov pom, koj tuaj yeem pom tias qee qhov ntawm lawv nyob ib puag ncig ntawm scaffolding. Ntau lub tsev nyob rau ntau pua xyoo tau khaws lawv qhov zoo tshaj plaws, lawv tuaj yeem siv los txiav txim qhov tsis sib xws thiab qhov nyuaj ntawm txhua cov ntsiab lus architectural. Kev tshuaj xyuas cov kab ke thaum ub, ib tus yuav xav tias cov khoom ntawm lawv cov khoom siv yog limestone. Qhov tseeb, tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm Acropolis tau tsim los ntawm marble, uas tau ploj mus heev nyob rau hauv qhov cuam tshuam ntawm huab cua tshwm sim, thiab qee qhov ntawm nws qhov chaw raug puas tsuaj los ntawm kev tsov rog.
Propylaea
Los ntawm sab hnub poob ntawm lub roob yog qhov nkag mus rau Acropolis. Propylaea yog dab tsi? Cov lus nug no txhawj xeeb ntau tus neeg uas thawj zaug tuaj xyuas lub ntsiab attraction ntawm Athens. Propylaea - lub ntsiab nkag mus rau Acropolis, lub rooj vag marble majestic. Lawv muaj tsib qhov qhib rau txoj kev. Qhov dav tshaj plaws ntawm lawv (tshwj tsis yog cov kauj ruam nws tau nruab nrog lub ramp) yog nyob rau hauv nruab nrab thiab yav tas los npaj rau cov neeg caij tsheb thiab tsav tsiaj rau kev txi. Nws qhov dav yog 4.3 m. Lub rooj vag facades muaj6-kab Doric porticos. Nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, Propylaea, ntawm tag nrho cov vaj tse ntawm lub Acropolis, yog cov nto moo tshaj plaws thiab tau hais ntau zaus tshaj Parthenon.
Parthenon
Lub Parthenon yog lub tuam tsev tseem ceeb uas Acropolis nto moo, qhov chaw bas-reliefs piav txog cov xwm txheej los ntawm Greek myths thaum ub, suav nrog yug ntawm Athena los ntawm lub taub hau ntawm Zeus. Qhov loj ntawm lub tuam tsev yog qhov zoo heev: nws qhov dav yog 30 m, ntev yog li 70 m. Cov kab sawv ib puag ncig yog 10 m siab. Cov qauv ntawm txhua kab yog amazing: lawv nthuav mus rau qhov chaw, thiab cov ces kaum. yog ntsia nrog me ntsis inclination nyob rau hauv relation mus rau hauv pem teb. Ua tsaug rau qhov cunning ntawm cov kws kos duab thaum ub, lub tuam tsev zoo tib yam proportionally, tsis muaj teeb meem los ntawm sab twg nws tau pom. Sab hauv tau teeb tsa cov duab puab nto moo ntawm tus vajtswv poj niam - Athena-Virgo. Nws yog tsim los ntawm lub ntsiab creator ntawm lub Acropolis, tus kws kes duab vajtse Phidias. Ob txhais tes thiab lub ntsej muag ntawm tus vajtswv poj niam tau ua los ntawm cov kaus ntxhw, qhov chaw ntawm cov khaub ncaws thiab riam phom tau ua los ntawm kub, lub ci ntsa iab ntawm lub qhov muag tau ua tiav los ntawm kev siv lub pov haum ntuj. Tus pej thuam tseem tsis tau muaj sia nyob txog niaj hnub no. Nws lub ntsej muag tau rov qab los ua tsaug rau cov ntawv luam tawm thaum ub.
Erechtheion
Lub Tuam Tsev uas muaj ntau tus vajtswv tau qhuas ib zaug: Athena, Poseidon thiab Erechtheus (tus huab tais thaum ub ntawm Athens). Sab hauv yog lub qhov dej ntawm Poseidon, ntim nrog dej ntsev. Raws li cov lus dab neeg, qhov no zoo tshwm sim los ntawm kev tawm tsam trident, uas tus poj Poseidon tuav hauv nws txhais tes muaj zog. Raws li qhov tseeb hais tias lub tuam tsev yog tsim los rau ntau lub hom phiaj, nwsNws muaj ob qhov nkag, nyob rau sab qaum teb thiab sab hnub tuaj. Txhua tus ntawm lawv muaj nws tus kheej portico, mounted ntawm Ionic txhua. Qhov qhib tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov qauv ornate nrog ntau cov ntsiab lus carved thiab tau suav tias yog qhov zoo nkauj tshaj plaws architraves ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm Pericles. Tsis deb ntawm lub tuam tsev muaj ib lub qhov tsua uas tus nab dawb huv ntawm tus vajtswv poj niam Athena nyob. Tus nab yog tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm lub nroog - Erechtheus. Txog rau tam sim no, kev kho kom zoo nkauj sab hauv ntawm lub tuam tsev no tseem tsis tau khaws cia, tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov ntawv sau ntawm ib lub sijhawm tuaj yeem nrhiav tau cov lus piav qhia ntawm thaj chaw.
Dionysus Theatre
Greek theatre ib txwm ua rau ntawm toj roob hauv pes, qhov chaw zaum tau teeb tsa rau cov neeg saib, nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub tsev yog ntoo. Cov rooj zaum cov neeg tuaj saib muaj cov duab ntawm ib lub voj voog (lawv hu ua "theatron") thiab nyob ib puag ncig lub platform qhov chaw hu nkauj nyob (lub platform hu ua lub orchestra). Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua IV. BC e. cov rooj zaum rau cov neeg saib tau ua nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug recess nyob rau hauv lub pob zeb hauv av thiab ces lined nrog marble. Theatre ntawm Dionysus - thawj monumental Greek ua yeeb yam, nyob rau yav qab teb txoj kab nqes ntawm lub Acropolis. Txog thaum peb lub sijhawm, cov rooj zaum marble, uas tau npaj rau cov qhua tseem ceeb thiab cov neeg muaj koob muaj npe ntawm Athens, tau khaws cia. Lub peev xwm ntawm lub theatre yog 17 txhiab tus neeg.
Temple of Goddess Nike
Nov yog lwm lub tuam tsev uas tau muaj sia nyob rau peb lub sijhawm, uas yog ib feem ntawm pawg (Acropolis). Dab tsi yog "apteros" - lo lus rau lub npe ntawm tus vajtswv poj niam? Feem ntau Nika tau piav qhia nrog tis tom qab nws nraub qaum. Tab sis lub tuam tsev no yog ib qho kev zam rau txoj cai, txij li cov neeg ntawm Athens txiav txim siabkhaws yeej. Yog li ntawd, cov tis tau txhob txwm tsis ua los tiv thaiv Nike los ntawm ya mus thiab tawm hauv lub nroog mus ib txhis. Raws li, "apteros" txhais tau tias "tsis muaj tis".
Lub tuam tsev muaj plaub kab Ionic, sab sauv ntawm cov uas tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov kab curls. Lub tuam tsev ntawm Nike Apteros tau tsim thaum lub sij hawm Peloponnesian Tsov Rog, yog li cov bas-reliefs qhia txog kev yeej ntawm Spartans thiab Persians. Thaum lub sij hawm ntawm kev ntes los ntawm Turks, lub sanctuary tau dismantled rau kev tsim kho ntawm tub rog fortifications. Txog niaj hnub no, lub tuam tsev ntawm Nike feem ntau raug kaw rau cov neeg tuaj saib vim kev kho dua tshiab.
Yuav ua li cas rhuav tshem lub sijhawm
Qee yam khoom vaj tse tseem tsis tau muaj sia nyob txog niaj hnub no. Nyob rau hauv lawv qhov chaw, tsuas yog lub hauv paus los yog shapeless ruins ntawm lub tsev uas ib zaug adorned lub Acropolis tau pom. Lawv khaws dab tsi, lawv zoo li cas hauv lawv lub hnub qub? Piv txwv li, Hekatompedon lossis Pandroseion? Qhov no tuaj yeem raug txiav txim los ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev khawb lossis los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj sab laug rau lub ntiaj teb los ntawm Ancient Greece. Ntawm qhov chaw ntawm Hekatompedon, qhov seem ntawm kab thiab qhov chaw ntawm cov duab puab tau pom. Lub Tuam Tsev Teev Ntuj ntawm Artemis yuav luag tag nrho: tsuas yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm nws thiab lub tsev khaws khoom uas tau khaws riam phom tau pom.
New Museum
Lub Tsev khaws puav pheej Athens, nyob rau thaj chaw ntawm Acropolis, tau pib ua haujlwm hauv xyoo 1874. Qhov tseeb, muaj cov khoom uas yav tas los nyob hauv Lub Nroog Upper. Cov khoom sau tau loj dua thiab, tom qab ib ntus, cov chaw muaj nyob tau ua tsis txaus. Tsis deb ntawm Acropolis, lawv pib tsim lub tsev tshiab, dav dua. Tab sis tej yam tsis yog ib txwm mus smoothly.vim tias muaj qee qhov teeb meem thiab teeb meem cuam tshuam nrog kev xaiv ntawm architects lossis av. Thaum pib ntawm kev tsim kho, nyob rau theem ntawm kev npaj cov av rau nteg lub hauv paus, keeb kwm tseem ceeb architectural khoom twb nrhiav tau. Yog li ntawd, kev tsim kho ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej raug ncua.
Nyob rau xyoo 2009, ib lub tsev cia puav pheej peb-theem nrog lub iav pem teb tau qhib, tso cai rau cov neeg tuaj saib xyuas qhov kev khawb.
