Tus dej loj thiab ntev tshaj plaws hauv Vologda Oblast yog Sukhana. Nws yog lub ntsiab ntawm cov dej ntws hu ua Northern Dvina. Tus dej Sukhona, daim duab uas tau nthuav tawm hauv qab no, muaj qhov ntev ntawm 558 km, thaj tsam ntawm thaj tsam ntawm 50 txhiab square meters. km. Nws lub npe tau tsim los ntawm lo lus "sukhodna", uas txhais tau tias "nrog rau hauv qab qhuav." Nws pib los ntawm Lake Kubenskoye, qhov chaw nws tau muab faib ua 2 ceg: Loj Puchkas thiab Sukhona. Lub ntsiab feature yog hais tias, rau tej yam ntuj tso yog vim li cas, nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav nws hloov cov kev taw qhia ntawm nws ntws. Tus dej Sukhana muaj qhov tob ntawm 100 m. Muaj qee qhov nrawm nrawm thiab pob zeb Islands tuaj.
Geographic nta
Tus dej Sukhana hauv Vologda Oblast, ncav cuag yuav luag 560 km, ntws mus rau sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm nws qhov siab, ces tig mus rau sab qaum teb thiab koom nrog Yug River. Lub phiab suav nrog ntau dua 4 puas tus dej thiab txog 6 txhiab tus kwj dej. Tseem muaj cov pas dej, tab sis feem ntau ntawm lawvme me, thaj tsam ntawm uas NW nyuam qhuav tshaj 0.4 km. Nyob rau hauv lub watershed, ib tug tuaj yeem pom cov nroj tsuag tuab ntawm hav zoov, nyob li ntawm 70% ntawm tag nrho qhov chaw. Tseem muaj swamps. Txoj kev ntws ntawm Kubenskoye Lake, qhov twg tus dej Sukhana pib, yog tswj tau ua tsaug rau lub pas dej ua ke tau tsim ntau xyoo dhau los.
keeb kwm me ntsis
Cov ntug dej ntawm Sukhana tau tshawb pom thaum ntxov li xyoo pua 5 BC. Cov neeg Lavxias tau nkag mus rau thaj av no ntau tom qab, hauv xyoo pua 11th. Nws ntws los ntawm Arkhangelsk thiab Central Russia, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm thauj ntau yam ntaub ntawv los ntawm ib qho chaw mus rau lwm qhov. Lub sijhawm ntawd, nws yog cov hlab ntsha tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas tso cai rau kev tsim kho kev lag luam thiab kev lag luam. Ua haujlwm hydrological los txhim kho cov xwm txheej rau kev taug kev, cov kws tshawb fawb tau tsim qhov twg Sukhona ntws: mus rau sab qaum teb Dvina. Cov ntaub ntawv no tso cai rau nthuav dav nws txoj kev thauj mus los.
Nyob rau xyoo 19th, thaj chaw sib txawv ntawm tus dej tau hu ua txawv. Piv txwv li, qhov kev ncua deb ntawm Lake Kubenskoye mus rau Vologda yog hu ua Rabanga (lub npe tshwm sim tom qab kev tsim kho ntawm Rabang Monastery ntawm ntug dej), los ntawm Vologda mus rau Dvinitsa - Lower Sukhona, tom qab Dvinitsa - Velikaya Sukhona.
kev siv nyiaj
Ua tsaug rau North Dvina system, Sukhana River txuas nrog Volga. Ntawm nws thaj chaw nws yog navigable, txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov, kev txav ntawm cov nkoj tau qeeb vim dej tsawg, feem ntau nyob rau hauv qis dua. Txij li xyoo 1990, cov neeg caij tsheb tau raug txiav tawm, raws li nws tau uakim heev thiab tsis muaj txiaj ntsig. Tam sim no, vim muaj kev tso tawm pov tseg, qee thaj chaw ntawm tus dej muaj kuab paug hnyav nrog phenol, yog li nws txwv tsis pub haus dej nyoos. Lub xeev ecological ntawm tus kwj dej no cuam tshuam rau thaj tsam ib puag ncig.
Tus dej Sukhana hauv Vologda Oblast tam sim no yog cov hlab ntsha tseem ceeb hauv lub tebchaws, txawm hais tias ua haujlwm los txhim kho nws (txhim kho cov channel, sib sib zog nqus) tsis tau ua.
Hydrology
Snow food prevails. Txij li thaum lub Plaub Hlis, dej nyab pib, vim tias cov dej ntws loj (txog li ob peb mais) tau tsim nyob rau sab saud. Tus dej Sukhona khov rau lub Kaum Ib Hlis-Lub Kaum Ob Hlis, thiab qhib tsuas yog ze rau lub Tsib Hlis.
Muab faib ua peb kwj:
Upper (rau lub qhov ncauj). Ib tug calm tam sim no yeej. Qhov dav ntawm ntug dej tsis tshaj 200 m. Muaj hav zoov thiab meadows ntawm ntug dej
Nruab nrab (los ntawm lub qhov ncauj mus rau Totma). Tam sim no sai dua thiab tsis xis nyob. Lub hav zoov tau ze rau ntawm cov dej ntws. Qhov tob nce mus txog 100 m, qhov dav ntawm cov channel yog 240 m. Muaj ntau cov phom loj hauv tib cheeb tsam
qis (hauv qab Totma). Lub hav zoov kiag li nce mus rau hauv dej. Tam sim no ceev ceev. Qhov dav ntawm tus dej hauv qee ntu tuaj yeem ncav cuag 400 m. Cov Islands tuaj uas pom ua ntej tau npog tag nrho nrog dej
Nyob ntiaj teb
Tus dej Sukhana muaj 58 hom ntses, 3 ntawm cov no yog lampreys. Cov kab hauv qab no muaj ntau:
- Putin's - smelt, smelt;
- valuable - whitefish, vendace;
- loj-sized - pike perch, bream.
Cov tsiaj dej tsawg tsawg thiab tiv thaiv nyob ntawm no: selmushka, trout, salmon, sterlet, char.
Cov hav zoov ntawm cov hav zoov nyob ntawm ntug dej ntawm Sukhona River yog ntau haiv neeg. Ntawm no cov qhua nquag yog hma, elks, boars qus, hares, hma, bears. Tsawg zaus koj tuaj yeem ntsib lynx, marten, otter, mink, raccoon, mole, ermine. Geese, ducks zes nyob rau hauv cov chaw no, koj tuaj yeem ntsib hazel grouse, partridge thiab dub grouse.
Nroog ntiaj teb
Thaj chaw uas nyob ib sab ntawm thaj chaw tus dej tau muab faib ua ob hom: hav zoov thiab hav zoov yav qab teb. 70% ntawm tag nrho cov cheeb tsam yog nyob los ntawm hav zoov, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog spruce. Hauv cheeb tsam sab hnub tuaj koj tuaj yeem pom fir, larch, ntoo thuv hav zoov. Nyob rau sab qab teb sab hnub poob, tsuas yog lichen ntoo thuv hav zoov sprouts; xws li cov nroj tsuag sparse yog vim infertile av. Nyob rau sab qab teb - roob tshauv thiab linden. Aspen thiab birch hav zoov yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws; lawv hloov cov ntoo spruce groves. Bogs nyob 10% ntawm tag nrho cheeb tsam. Ntawm no koj tuaj yeem pom undersized pines, birch. 14% yog nyob hauv thaj av thiab thaj av ua liaj ua teb. Meadows suav tsuas yog 7%. Cereal, ntub nyom thiab sedge plantings predominate. Loj-sedge thiab loj-nyom hav zoov kuj loj hlob raws Sukhana hav.
Nws muaj peev xwm taug qab txhua qhov sib txawv ntawm cov dej ntws los ntawm nws qhov chaw mus rau lub qhov ncauj, vim tias tus dej Sukhana pom meej meej hauv daim ntawv qhia. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam ntawm Lake Kubenskoye mus rau lub zos Shuiskoye muaj ib tug birch hav zoov, nyob rau hauv uas aspen, spruce thiab alder tej zaum kuj loj hlob. Rau tej yam ntuj tso, nws muaj zog receded los ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv, nyob rauuas tam sim no npog nrog dav meadows. Los ntawm s. Shuisky rau Totma, lawv hloov los ntawm hav zoov. Ces tus dej, tig mus rau sab qaum teb, rov txav deb ntawm nws. Ze ze rau ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv, hav zoov tsuas yog ze ze ntawm lub tributary ntawm Tolshma. Hauv qhov chaw uas tus dej ntws los ze ntawm lub qhov ncauj, nws hloov los ntawm ntug dej khov.
Environmental situation
Tam sim no, qhov xwm txheej ib puag ncig hauv Sukhona tsis txhawb nqa. Yam tsawg kawg nws muaj lignosulfonates, cov ntsiab lus uas yog tshaj 30 zaug. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau tshaj tawm tias txhua hnub tus dej tau txais 180 txhiab m3 ntawm cov dej lag luam thiab cov dej hauv tsev uas muaj cov organic. Tam sim no, vim tsis ua raws li cov cai, qhov zoo ntawm cov dej nkag los ntawm Sukhona tseem nyob rau theem qis, thaum nyob rau qee qhov xwm txheej no tau mus txog qhov tseem ceeb. Cov ntaub ntawv xov tooj ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom tau tsim los ntawm nws cov ntug dej, uas cuam tshuam rau lub xeev ntawm cov dej ntws. Qhov tseeb tias xyoo 2006, nyob rau hauv qhov kev hem thawj ntawm dej nyab vim muaj daus ntau dhau, thaj av tau raug hem nrog kev puas tsuaj ntawm ecological twb tau hais ntau.
Nyob ntawm ntug dej ntawm Sukhona sawv ib lub nroog zoo thiab qhov chaw yug ntawm Leej Txiv Frost - Veliky Ustyug. Muaj ib tug lossis loj tus naj npawb ntawm tej yam uas characterize lub nroog Lavxias teb sab: domes, lace, huts, tswb. Ntxiv rau qhov kev sib hais haum no, Sokol thiab Totma tau ua rau ntawm tus dej.
Thaum ntxov, cov dej ntws no tseem ceeb rau lub xeev, raws li pom los ntawm txoj kev Suhonskaya npe hu ua nws, uas nyob hauv ib cheeb tsam ntawm Moscow. Hmoov tsis zoo, cov dej ntws tau nrestxaus siab, thiab nws tus mob hnyav zuj zus txhua hnub.
