Akkadian yog ib hom lus Sab Hnub Tuaj uas tau ploj mus uas tau hais nyob rau hauv Mesopotamia thaum ub (Akkad, Assyria, Isin, Larsa thiab Babylonia) txij li xyoo 30 BC mus txog rau thaum nws maj mam hloov los ntawm East Aramaic ib ncig ntawm lub xyoo pua 8 BC. Nws qhov kev ploj tuag zaum kawg tshwm sim thaum lub sijhawm 1st-3rd centuries. ad. Kab lus no yuav qhia koj txog cov lus qub qub no.
keeb kwm kev tsim kho
Qhov no yog cov lus Semitic qub tshaj plaws uas siv cov ntawv cuneiform, uas yog siv los sau cov lus tsis sib xws thiab tseem ploj mus. Akkadian tau muaj npe tom qab lub nroog ntawm tib lub npe, qhov chaw loj ntawm Mesopotamian kev vam meej thaum lub sijhawm Akkadian kingdom (circa 2334-2154 BC). Txawm li cas los xij, cov lus nws tus kheej twb muaj lawm ua ntej kev tsim lub xeev no rau ntau pua xyoo. Nws yog thawj zaug hais nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 29 BC.
Kev sib koom ua ke ntawm Sumerian thiab Akkadian tau ua rau cov kws tshawb fawb los koom ua ke hauv kev sib tham lus. Los ntawm lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm peb txhiab xyoo BC. e. (txog 2500 BC) cov ntawv sau tag nrho hauv Akkadian pib tshwm. Qhov no yog pov thawjntau nrhiav. Ntau pua txhiab ntawm cov ntawv no thiab lawv cov khoom tawg tau raug tshawb pom los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm niaj hnub. Lawv suav nrog ntau cov lus dab neeg dab neeg, kev cai lij choj, kev soj ntsuam kev tshawb fawb, ntawv xov xwm, tshaj tawm txog kev nom kev tswv thiab tub rog. Los ntawm lub xyoo txhiab xyoo BC. Hauv Mesopotamia, tau siv ob hom lus ntawm Akkadian: Assyrian thiab Babylonian.
Vim lub zog ntawm ntau lub xeev tsim ntawm Ancient East, xws li Assyrian thiab Babylonian empires, Akkadian tau los ua hom lus rau feem coob ntawm cov pejxeem ntawm thaj av no.
Lub hnub poob tsis tuaj yeem
Akkadian pib poob nws lub zog thaum lub sijhawm Neo-Assyrian Empire nyob rau xyoo pua 8 BC. Hauv kev faib tawm, nws tau muab txoj hauv kev rau Aramaic thaum lub sijhawm kav Tiglath-Pileser III. Los ntawm lub sijhawm Hellenistic, hom lus no tsuas yog siv los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov pov thawj uas ua kev cai dab qhuas hauv lub tuam tsev ntawm Assyria thiab Npanpiloo. Cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm paub Akkadian cuneiform hnub rov qab mus rau xyoo pua AD.
Mandaean, hais los ntawm Mandaeans hauv Iraq thiab Iran, thiab New Aramaic siv niaj hnub no nyob rau sab qaum teb Iraq, sab qab teb Turkey, sab qaum teb Syria, thiab qaum teb sab hnub poob Iran yog ob ntawm ob peb yam lus Semitic niaj hnub, uas khaws qee cov lus Akkadian thiab cov lus sau. nta.
yam ntxwv dav dav
Raws li nws cov yam ntxwv, Akkadian yog ib hom lus inflectional uas muaj cov txheej txheem tsimxaus.
Nws yog pawg Semitic ntawm Middle East ceg ntawm tsev neeg Afroasian lus. Nws tau muab faib rau hauv Middle East, Arabian Peninsula, thaj tsam ntawm Asia Me, North Africa, M alta, Canary Islands thiab Horn ntawm Africa.
Nyob rau hauv Middle Eastern Semitic lus, Akkadian tsim ib pab pawg East Semitic (ua ke nrog Eblaite). Nws txawv ntawm Northwestern thiab South Semitic pawg hauv nws cov lus txiav txim hauv kab lus. Piv txwv li, nws cov qauv grammatical yog: subject-object-verb, thaum nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus Semitic cov lus hauv qab no feem ntau pom: verb-subject-object los yog subject-verb-object. Qhov tshwm sim no nyob rau hauv cov qauv sau ntawv ntawm Akkadian lus yog vim muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov lus Sumerian, uas nyuam qhuav muaj xws li kev txiav txim. Raws li nrog rau tag nrho cov lus Semitic, Akkadian muaj ib tug dav sawv cev ntawm cov lus nrog peb consonants ntawm lub hauv paus.
Kev Tshawb Fawb
Akkadian tau rov kawm dua thaum Carsten Niebuhr muaj peev xwm ua tau ntau cov ntawv luam ntawm cov ntawv cuneiform xyoo 1767 thiab luam tawm lawv hauv Denmark. Lawv qhov kev txiav txim siab tau pib tam sim ntawd, thiab cov neeg nyob hauv ob hom lus ntawm Middle East, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov neeg hais lus ntawm Persian-Akkadian cov lus thaum ub, tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo hauv qhov teeb meem no. Txij li cov ntawv muaj ntau lub npe huab tais, cov cim cais tuaj yeem raug txheeb xyuas. Cov txiaj ntsig kev tshawb fawb tau luam tawm xyoo 1802 los ntawm Georg Friedrich Grotefend. Los ntawm lub sij hawm no nws twb pom tseeb hais tias cov lus no belongs rau lub Semitic. Qhov kawg breakthrough nyob rau hauv decipheringCov ntawv txuam nrog cov npe ntawm Edward Hinks, Henry Rawlinson thiab Jules Oppert (mid-19th century). Lub koom haum ntawm Oriental Studies ntawm University of Chicago tsis ntev los no tau ua tiav phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm Akkadian lus (ntim 21).
Cuneiform sau system
Ancient Akkadian tsab ntawv khaws cia ntawm cov ntsiav tshuaj av nplaum hnub rov qab mus rau 2500 BC. Cov ntawv sau tau tsim siv cuneiform, ib txoj hauv kev tau txais los ntawm Sumerians, siv cov cim cuneiform. Tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv tau ua nyob rau hauv cov ntsiav tshuaj ntawm nias ntub av nplaum. Cov ntawv cuneiform tau siv los ntawm Akkadian scripts muaj Sumerian logograms (piv txwv li cov duab raws li cov cim sawv cev rau tag nrho cov lus), Sumerian syllables, Akkadian syllables, thiab phonetic ntxiv. Cov phau ntawv Akkadian luam tawm niaj hnub no muaj ntau yam ntawm cov qauv sau ntawv ntawm cov lus thaum ub, ib zaug hauv Middle East.
