Minerals: npe. Hom minerals (duab)

2024 Tus sau: Angel Austin | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:28

Xwm muab sijhawm rau tus neeg kom txaus siab rau cov txiaj ntsig uas nws tsim. Yog li ntawd, tib neeg nyob tau yooj yim thiab muaj txhua yam lawv xav tau. Tom qab tag nrho, dej, ntsev, hlau, roj, hluav taws xob thiab ntau ntxiv - txhua yam yog tsim ib txwm thiab tom qab hloov mus rau hauv daim ntawv tsim nyog rau ib tug neeg.

Tib yam mus rau cov khoom ntuj xws li cov zaub mov. Cov txheej txheem ntau yam crystalline no yog ib qho tseem ceeb raw cov ntaub ntawv rau ib tug lossis loj tus naj npawb ntawm ntau hom kev lag luam kev lag luam hauv kev lag luam ntawm tib neeg. Yog li ntawd, peb yuav txiav txim siab seb hom minerals yog dab tsi thiab cov ntsiab lus no yog dab tsi.

Minerals: general yam ntxwv

Hauv kev lees paub dav dav hauv mineralogy, lo lus "mineral" txhais tau tias lub cev muaj zog uas muaj cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab muaj ntau tus neeg lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yuav tsum tau tsim tsuas yog ib txwm muaj, raws li cov txheej txheem ntuj tsim.

Cov ntxhia tuaj yeem tsim tau ob qho tib si los ntawm cov khoom yooj yim (ib haiv neeg) thiab cov complex. Txoj kev ntawm lawv tsim kuj txawv. Muaj cov txheej txheem zoo li no uas ua rau lawv tsim:

• magmatic;
• hydrothermal;
• sedimentary;
• metamorphogenic;
• biogenic.

Cov pob zeb loj loj, sau rau hauv ib lub cev, hu ua pob zeb. Yog li ntawd, ob lub tswv yim no yuav tsum tsis txhob totaub. Cov pob zeb hauv roob yog mined precisely los ntawm crushing thiab ua tag nrho cov pob zeb.

Cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim siab tuaj yeem sib txawv thiab muaj ntau yam khoom sib txawv- impurities. Txawm li cas los xij, ib txwm muaj ib qho tseem ceeb uas dominates qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg. Yog li ntawd, nws yog qhov kev txiav txim siab, thiab impurities tsis raug coj mus rau hauv tus account.

qauv ntawm cov zaub mov

Cov qauv ntawm cov zaub mov yog crystalline. Muaj ntau ntau txoj kev xaiv rau lattices uas nws tuaj yeem sawv cev:

• cub;
• hexagonal;
• rhombic;
• tetragonal;
• monoclinic;
• trigonal;
• triclinic.

Cov tebchaw no raug cais raws li cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov khoom txiav txim siab.

Ntau yam minerals

Cov kev faib tawm hauv qab no tuaj yeem muab tau, uas qhia txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntxhia hauv cov ntxhia.

1. Native lossis yam yooj yim. Cov no kuj yog minerals. Piv txwv li: kub, hlau, carbon nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm pob zeb diamond, thee, anthracite, sulfur, nyiaj, selenium, cob alt, tooj liab, arsenic, bismuth, thiab ntau ntxiv.
2. Halides, uas suav nrog chlorides, fluorides, bromides. Cov no yog cov zaub mov, piv txwv ntawm txhua tus paub: pob zeb ntsev (sodium chloride) lossis halite, sylvin, fluorite.
3. Oxides thiab hydroxides. Tsim los ntawm hlau oxides thiabnon-metals, uas yog, los ntawm combining lawv nrog oxygen. Cov pab pawg no suav nrog cov zaub mov uas nws lub npe yog chalcedony, corundum (ruby, sapphire), magnetite, quartz, hematite, rutile, casematite thiab lwm yam.
4. Nitrates. Piv txwv li: potassium thiab sodium nitrate.
5. Borates: optical calcite, eremeyite.
6. Carbonates yog ntsev ntawm carbonic acid. Cov no yog cov ntxhia pob zeb uas muaj npe raws li hauv qab no: malachite, aragonite, magnesite, limestone, chalk, marble thiab lwm yam.

YSulfates: gypsum, barite, selenite.

7. Tungstates, molybdates, chromates, vanadates, arsenates, phosphates - tag nrho cov no yog cov ntsev ntawm cov kua qaub uas tsim cov zaub mov ntawm ntau cov qauv. Cov npe - nepheline, apatite thiab lwm tus.
8. Silicates. Silicic acid ntsev uas muaj SiO₄ pab pawg. Piv txwv ntawm cov zaub mov no yog raws li nram no: beryl, feldspar, topaz, garnets, kaolinite, talc, tourmaline, jadeine, lapis lazuli thiab lwm yam.

Ntxiv rau cov pawg qhia saum toj no, kuj tseem muaj cov organic tebchaw uas tsim tag nrho cov khoom siv ntuj tsim. Piv txwv li, peat, thee, urkit, calcium oxalates, hlau thiab lwm yam. Thiab kuj muaj ob peb carbides, silicides, phosphides, nitrides.

Native element

Cov no yog cov zaub mov (duab tuaj yeem pom hauv qab), uas yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom yooj yim. Piv txwv li:

• kub hauv daim ntawv xuab zeb thiab nuggets, ingots;
• pob zeb diamond thiab graphite yog allotropic kev hloov kho ntawm cov pa roj carbon siv lead ua lattice;
• tooj;
• nyiaj;
• iron;
• sulfur;
• platinum hlau pawg.

Ntau zaus cov tshuaj no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm loj aggregations nrog rau lwm yam minerals, pieces ntawm pob zeb thiab ores. Extraction thiab lawv siv hauv kev lag luam yog qhov tseem ceeb rau tib neeg. Lawv yog cov hauv paus, cov khoom siv raw rau cov khoom siv, los ntawm ntau yam khoom siv hauv tsev, cov qauv, cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub, khoom siv, thiab lwm yam.

Phosphates, arsenates, vanadates

pawg no suav nrog cov pob zeb thiab cov zaub mov uas feem ntau ntawm cov keeb kwm exogenous, uas yog, lawv pom nyob rau hauv txheej txheej ntawm lub ntiaj teb crust. Tsuas yog phosphates tsim nyob rau hauv. Qhov tseeb, muaj ntau cov ntsev ntawm phosphoric, arsenic thiab vanadic acids. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias peb xav txog tag nrho cov duab, feem ntau lawv feem pua ntawm cov tawv ntoo me me.

Muaj ntau ntau yam siv lead ua uas muaj nyob hauv pawg no:

• apatite;
• vivianite;
• lindakerite;
• rosenite;
• carnotite;
• pascoit.

Raws li twb tau sau tseg lawm, cov pob zeb no tsim cov pob zeb loj heev.

Oxides thiab hydroxides

Cov pob zeb no suav nrog tag nrho cov oxides, ob qho tib si yooj yim thiab complex, uas yog tsim los ntawm hlau, tsis yog hlau, intermetallic tebchaw thiab cov khoom hloov pauv. Tag nrho cov feem pua ntawm cov khoom no nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb crust yog 5%. Qhov kev zam tsuas yog siv rau silicates, thiab tsis yog rau cov pab pawg hauv kev xav, yog silicon oxide SiO₂ nrog rau tag nrho nws ntau yam.

Muaj ntau tus piv txwv ntawm cov zaub mov zoo li no, tab sis peb yuav xaiv cov khoom siv ntau tshaj plaws:

1. Granite.
2. Magnetite.
3. Hematite.
4. Ilmenite.
5. Columbite.
6. Spinel.
7. Txiv qaub.
8. Gibbsit.
9. Romaneshit.
10. Holfertite.
11. Corundum (ruby, sapphire).
12. Bauxite.

Carbonates

chav kawm ntawm cov zaub mov no suav nrog ntau tus neeg sawv cev, uas tseem muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau tib neeg. Yog li, muaj cov nram qab no subclasses los yog pab pawg:

• calcite;
• dolomite;
• aragonite;
• malachite;
• dej qab zib minerals;
• bastnasite.

Txhua subclass suav nrog los ntawm ob peb chav mus rau ntau tus neeg sawv cev. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, muaj txog ib puas txawv mineral carbonates. Cov feem ntau yog:

• marble;
• limestone;
• malachite;
• apatite;
• siderite;
• smithsonite;
• magnesite;
• carbonatite thiab lwm yam.

Qee yam muaj nuj nqis raws li cov khoom siv tseem ceeb hauv tsev, lwm tus yog siv los tsim cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub, thiab lwm tus yog siv hauv tshuab. Txawm li cas los xij, txhua yam tseem ceeb thiab tab tom raug mined nquag heev.

YSilicates

Cov pab pawg neeg sib txawv ntawm cov ntxhia hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sab nraud thiab cov neeg sawv cev. Qhov kev hloov pauv no yog vim qhov tseeb tias silicon atoms hauv qab lawvCov qauv tshuaj, muaj peev xwm ua ke rau hauv ntau hom qauv, sib koom ua ke ntau cov pa atoms nyob ib puag ncig lawv. Yog li, cov qauv hauv qab no tuaj yeem tsim tau:

• island;
• chain;
• tape;
• leafy.

Cov pob zeb no, cov duab uas tuaj yeem pom hauv kab lus, paub rau txhua tus. Tsawg kawg ib txhia ntawm lawv. Tom qab tag nrho, lawv suav nrog xws li:

• topaz;
• garnet;
• chrysoprase;
• rhinestone;
• opal;
• chalcedony thiab lwm tus.

Lawv nrhiav kev siv hauv cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub, muaj nuj nqis raws li cov qauv tsim kom siv tau hauv engineering.

Koj tuaj yeem muab piv txwv ntawm cov zaub mov uas nws cov npe tsis paub zoo rau cov neeg zoo tib yam tsis txuas nrog mineralogy, tab sis txawm li cas los xij lawv tseem ceeb heev hauv kev lag luam:

1. Dathonite.
2. Olivine.
3. Murmanite.

YChrysocol.

4. Eudialyte.
5. Beryl.