Muaj ntau cov kua qaub sib txawv hauv qhov xwm txheej. Qee tus ntawm lawv yog cov organic, lwm tus yog inorganic. Hydrofluoric acid belongs rau cov chav kawm inorganic. Nws muaj ntau lub npe - hydrofluoric, hydrofluoric, hydrofluoride. Cov khoom no yog dab tsi? Dab tsi yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm hydrofluoric acid?
Hydrofluoric acid: lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg
Hydrofluoric acid yog cov khoom ua kua, yooj yim txawb, muaj ntxhiab tsw ntxhiab, muaj pungent saj (reminiscent ntawm concentrated acetic acid). Hydrofluoric acid tsis muaj zog (lub zog ntawm cov kua qaub yog txiav txim siab los ntawm kev sib cais tas li, rau cov khoom siv no tus nqi yog 6.810 -4). Vim qhov tseeb tias cov kua qaub no cuam tshuam nrog cov iav (ntau dua, silicon oxide), kev cia khoom yog muab rau hauv polyethylene fwj (cov thawv).
Rau hydrofluoric acid, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog cov hlau yog cov yam ntxwv, ua rau tsim cov ntsev ntawm cov hlau, hu ua fluorides.
khaws cia thiab ceev faj
Fluoric acid tuaj yeem khaws cia tsis yog hauv cov thawv yas xwb, tab sis kuj tseem nyob hauv paraffin, vinyl chloride, platinum thiab fluoroplast. Kev khaws cia hauv cov iav organic kuj tseem ua tau. Cov kua qaub ntau ntau yog khaws cia rau hauv cov thawv ntim hlau kaw. Ua hauj lwm nrog cov khoom no yuav tsum tau ua nrog lub tso pa tawm, thiab cov cua ntsawj ntshab yuav tsum yog heev, zoo heev. Kev siv cov hnab looj tes roj hmab kuj yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua. Thaum muaj hluav taws kub acid, nws tuaj yeem tua nrog dej. Yog tias muaj vapors hauv huab cua (hydrogen fluoride gaseous), nws yuav tsum tau siv lub npog ntsej muag roj.
Applications
Hydrofluoric acid yog siv los ua cov txheej txheem rau cov txheej txheem (hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, alkylation), rau kev tawg ntawm qee cov hlau thiab kev puas tsuaj ntawm pob zeb (silicate). Kuj tseem siv tau hauv electrode vuam lossis submerged arc vuam (cov roj nplua nyeem muaj cov tshuaj fluorine, suav nrog hydrofluoric acid). Hydrofluoric acid yog siv los tsim cov fluorosulfonic acid thiab tsim cov fluorine.
Tshuaj lom neeg ntawm hydrofluoric acid
Cov kua qaub hauv nqe lus nug yog ib yam tshuaj lom heev. Nws muaj cov nyhuv narcotic, txawm tias tsis muaj zog. Nws muaj kev cuam tshuam rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij, cov kab mob ua pa, thiab mucous daim nyias nyias. Ib qho kev phom sij tshwj xeeb ntawm hydrofluoric acid nyob rau hauv ncua sij hawm ntawm nws qhov kev ua, uas yog, thaum cov kua qaub nkag mus rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij, ib tug neeg tsis muaj kev xav,nws nkag mus rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij, thiab tom qab ntawd tsis tsuas yog ua rau cov tshuaj tua kab mob, tab sis kuj o, mob, thiab lom. Cov tsos mob tuaj yeem pib ib hnub tom qab raug rau hydrofluoric acid. Cov chav kawm phom sij tau muab rau nws thib ob, uas yog, nws yog nyob rau hauv chav kawm ntawm cov khoom muaj phom sij heev.
Txhawm rau tiv thaiv txhua yam kev phom sij ntawm kev ua haujlwm nrog hydrofluoric acid, nws yuav tsum ua raws li cov cai nruj me ntsis rau nws txoj haujlwm.
Acid Hazard Classes: Qee Piv Txwv
Acids tuaj yeem hu ua kab tias cov tshuaj lom neeg txaus ntshai tshaj plaws. Lawv tsis tsuas yog muaj cov txiaj ntsig tsis zoo (hlawv, khaus), tab sis kuj yog cov tshuaj lom, tshuaj lom. Muaj qee yam kev faib khoom rau hauv cov chav kawm phom sij:
- chav kawm txaus ntshai thib 1 - tshuaj muaj kev phom sij heev. Cov chav kawm no suav nrog qee cov kua qaub, cov terephthalic.
- 2nd phom sij - cov khoom muaj phom sij loj. Tsis tsuas yog hydrofluoric acid belongs rau cov chav kawm no, tab sis kuj sulfuric.
- 3rd chav kawm txaus ntshai - cov tshuaj muaj phom sij tsawg. Nitric acid yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov tshuaj no, nrog rau hydrochloric acid thiab lwm yam.
- 4th phom sij - cov khoom muaj phom sij tsawg. Cov chav kawm no suav nrog carbon dioxide.
Yog vim li cas thiaj muaj cov cai nruj rau kev ua haujlwm nrog cov khoom no lossis cov khoom ntawd, uas yuav tsum tsis txhob ua txhaum. Tsuav koj muaj nuj nqis rau koj txoj kev noj qab haus huv.
