Ntawm cov kev qhuab qhia ntau yam lus, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tsim nyog hais txog ntu xws li phonology. Qhov no yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb uas kawm txog cov qauv suab ntawm ib hom lus, kev siv ntawm phonemes hauv nws. Lawv paub qhov kev qhuab qhia no hauv thawj chav kawm tshwj xeeb ntsig txog kev txhais lus, qhia lus, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog Lavxias.
Peb yuav txiav txim siab seb phonology yog dab tsi, nws qhov kev kawm thiab cov haujlwm yog dab tsi, tus qauv ntawm peb cov lus ntawm qib no. Wb kuj tau paub txog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm ntu no.
Definition
Cia peb pib sib tham nrog lub ntsiab lus nws tus kheej.
Phonology yog ib feem ntawm cov lus qhia niaj hnub uas suav nrog cov qauv suab ntawm cov lus, kev ua haujlwm ntawm ntau lub suab hauv nws cov kab ke thiab lawv cov yam ntxwv.
Nws hais txog kev hais lus theoretical. Lub hauv paus hom lus uas kawm science yog phoneme.
Nws pib nyob rau hauv 70-80s ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th nyob rau hauv Russia. Nws tus tsim yog Ivan Alexandrovich Baudouin de Courtenay, tus kws tshawb fawb Lavxias nrog cov hauv paus hniav Polish. Nyob rau hauv lub 30s ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, nws coj zoo li ib tug ywj siab science. Hnub no yog ib qho ntawmCov kev qhuab qhia tseem ceeb ntawm Philological thiab qib thawj hauv lub voj voog ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov qauv sau ntawv theoretical ntawm cov lus.
Kev kawm thiab kev ua haujlwm
Zoo ib yam li lwm yam kev tshawb fawb, kab lus no muaj nws txoj haujlwm thiab kev kawm.
Lub ntsiab lus ntawm phonology yog ib lub xov tooj, uas yog chav kawm yam lus tsawg kawg nkaus. Nov yog qhov phonologists kawm. Cov tub ntxhais kawm tsis xav paub yuav xav tias qhov kev kawm zoo, tab sis qhov no tsis yog txhua yam. Qhov tseeb, lawv tau kawm los ntawm lwm txoj kev qhuab qhia - phonetics.
Qhov teeb meem thib ob uas xav txog yog cov haujlwm. Cov no suav nrog:
- siv lus ua lus;
- tsom xam ntawm qhov tseem ceeb;
- tsim kev sib raug zoo ntawm phoneme thiab suab;
- piav qhia ntawm lub kaw lus ntawm phonemes thiab lawv cov kev hloov kho;
- piav qhia ntawm phonological system;
- kev sib txuas ntawm lub xov tooj thiab lwm yam tseem ceeb ntawm cov lus - morphemes thiab lo lus hom.
Thiab qhov no tsis yog txhua txoj haujlwm ntawm phonology. Nws yog tsim nyog sau cia hais tias cov saum toj no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau tag nrho cov tam sim no phonological tsev kawm ntawv.
Ntseeg phonologists
Raws li tau sau tseg saum toj no, Ivan Alexandrovich Baudouin de Courtenay tau los ua tus tsim ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Nws tsim nws lub hauv paus, muab lub zog rau nws txoj kev loj hlob ntxiv.
Tsis muaj npe nrov tsawg yog nws tus tub kawm Nikolai Sergeevich Trubetskoy, uas tau sau cov npe nrov Fundamentals of Phonology. Nws tau nthuav dav cov cuab yeej tshawb fawb ntawm kev qhuab qhia, piav qhia cov kev faib tawm thiab cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb.
Roman Osipovich Yakobson, Lev Vladimirovich Shcherba, Avram Noam Chomsky thiab ntau lwm tus kuj tau ua haujlwm hauv tshooj lus no.
Ntau cov haujlwm tshawb fawb tau mob siab rau cov teeb meem ntawm ntu lus lus no. Cov kab lus hauv qab no thiab cov ntawv sau yuav tsum raug sau tseg, uas yuav muab cov duab qhia txog kev txhim kho kev tshawb fawb, nws cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb:
- R. I. Avanesov, V. N. Sidorov luam tawm nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm lub monograph "Lub phoneme system ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus".
- Kev ua haujlwm ntawm S. I. Bernstein "Lub ntsiab lus ntawm phonology" yog qhov paub zoo.
- Y. Wahek, "Phonemes thiab Phonological Units".
Cov neeg uas xav paub txog keeb kwm ntawm qhov teeb meem yuav pom phau ntawv "Basic Phonological Schools" los ntawm L. R. Zinder pab tau.
Peb kuj sau cov haujlwm:
- S. V. Kasevich, "Phonological teeb meem ntawm dav dav thiab Eastern linguistics".
- T. P. Lomtem, "Phonology ntawm cov lus niaj hnub Lavxias teb sab raws li kev xav."
- B. I. Postovalov, "Phonology".
A. A. Reformatorsky yog tus sau peb txoj haujlwm uas cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb tau hais meej meej:
- "Los ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab phonology".
- "Kev sau ntawv ntawm phonology, morphology thiab morphonology".
- "Phonological kev tshawb fawb".
Phonological tsev kawm ntawv
Teeb meem ntawm phonology tau cuam tshuam los ntawm cov tsev kawm lus sib txawv. Cov nto moo tshaj plaws yog cov kws tshawb fawb uas yog cov tswv cuab ntawm Prague Linguistic Circle, uas suav nrog N. Trubetskoy thiab R. Jacobson.
Cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm Moscow lub tsev kawm phonological, uas A. Reformatorsky koom, muaj lawv lub zeem muag. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov qauv no tau mloog zoo rau txoj kev tshawb fawb ntawm tus kheej ntawm lub suab plhaub ntawm phonemes.
Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv Leningrad, suav nrog tus kws sau ntawv nto moo L. Shcherba, ntseeg tias kev tshawb fawb, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, yuav tsum kawm lawv qhov txawv.
Tab sis txawm lawv xav li cas los xij, cov kws tshawb fawb ua raws tib lub ntsiab lus thiab cov ntsiab lus.
Terminology
Raws li twb tau hais lawm, phonology yog kev tshawb fawb uas kawm phonemes. Zoo li lwm yam kev paub, nws muaj nws tus kheej terminology.
Nws lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb suav nrog: phoneme, allophone, phoneme position, hyperphoneme, archiphoneme thiab lwm yam. Xav txog cov tseem ceeb.
- A phoneme yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws ntawm cov lus tsis sib xws. Nws ua haujlwm los tsim cov ntaub ntawv lo lus thiab ua haujlwm muaj txiaj ntsig. Nws yog pom tau tias nrog kev pab ntawm lub suab - keeb kwm yav dhau. Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias nws yog heev abstracted los ntawm tej suab hais lus.
- Allophone - kev paub txog qee lub xov tooj nyob ntawm nws qhov chaw nyob ib puag ncig.
- Hyperphoneme yog lub xov tooj uas sib txuas cov yam ntxwv ntawm ob lub suab ua ke.
- Archiphoneme yog ib lub xov tooj uas muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb.
- Txoj haujlwm ntawm lub xov tooj yog nws qhov kev paub hauv kev hais lus. Muab cov haujlwm sib koom ua ke thiab sib koom ua ke.
- Kev ua haujlwm - kev siv lub xov tooj nyob ntawm qhov chaw hauv kev hais lus. Piv txwv li, ib lub suab uas tsis muaj kev ntxhov siab lossis ntxhov siab rau cov vowels.
- Combinatorial txoj hauj lwm - kev siv nyob ntawm phoneticib puag ncig. Piv txwv li, cov vowels nyob rau hauv txoj hauj lwm tom qab nyuaj los yog mos consonants muaj cov yam ntxwv sib txawv.
- Txoj haujlwm muaj zog ntawm lub xov tooj yog txoj haujlwm uas nws qhia meej nws cov khoom.
- Tsis muaj zog (lub npe thib ob - txoj haujlwm nruab nrab) - txoj haujlwm uas lub xov tooj tsis ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb.
- Neutralization - qhov coincidence ntawm txawv phonemes nyob rau hauv ib tug allophone.
- Differential nta ntawm phonemes - nta uas lawv txawv ntawm ib leeg.
No tsis yog ib daim ntawv teev tag nrho cov lus siv los ntawm phonology. Lus Askiv feem ntau kuj siv qee yam ntawm lawv hauv lwm ntu - xov tooj, qauv sau ntawv.
Phonological qauv ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus
Txhua hom lus muaj nws tus kheej phonological system. Niaj hnub no muaj 43 phonemes nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lus. Ntawm no, 6 yog cov vowels thiab 37 yog consonants.
Tsis tas li ntawd, txhua tus ntawm lawv yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm qhov muaj lossis tsis muaj qee yam ntawm cov yam ntxwv.
Vowal phonemes muaj cov yam ntxwv ua haujlwm hauv qab no: qib nce, qhov twg lawv paub qhov txawv ntawm qhov siab, nruab nrab thiab qis, qhov tsis muaj lossis muaj labialization.
Consonants muaj ntau yam zoo nkauj ntawm cov yam ntxwv. Ntawm no yog cov cim hauv qab no tau sau tseg, feem ntau yog muab faib ua khub. Yog li, phonemes yog:
- noisy or sonorous;
- lag ntseg los yog suab.
Los ntawm kev kawm:
- kaw;
- affricates;
- slotted;
- tshiav;
- labial;
- dental;
- palatal;
- nyuaj lossis mos.
Cov yam ntxwv no paub zoo rau cov neeg kawm Lavxias. Phonetics, phonology yog cov kev tshawb fawb uas ua haujlwm nrog cov yam ntxwv no, thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm philology yuav tsum tsis yog tsuas yog ua kom nco txog cov yam ntxwv no xwb, tab sis kuj tseem tuaj yeem siv rau hauv kev xyaum, ua tus yam ntxwv ntawm qee lub xov tooj nyob ntawm lawv txoj haujlwm hauv lo lus.
Phonological transcription
Lwm lub ntsiab lus siv los ntawm ntu no ntawm kev hais lus yog phonological transcription. Nws kuj yog ib qho ntawm cov kev txawj uas yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm philology. Phonological transcription yog ib qho kev kaw lus ntawm kev sib kis ntawm lub suab ntawm cov lus siv cov cim tshwj xeeb uas qhia cov xov tooj siv hauv cov lus.
Hauv qhov no, tsuas yog lub xov tooj tseem ceeb tau kaw rau hauv ntawv, thaum lub allophones tsis qhia. Rau kev kaw cia, siv cov cim Cyrillic thiab Latin, nrog rau ntau tus lej cim.
Cov Lus Qhia
Phonology yog ib ceg tseem ceeb ntawm kev hais lus. Qhov kev tshawb fawb no kawm txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm phonemes, cov lus tsawg kawg nkaus. Nws muaj ntau tshaj li ib puas xyoo ntawm keeb kwm, nws tus kheej terminology, hauj lwm thiab kev kawm ntawm kev tshawb fawb.
Philology cov tub ntxhais kawm kawm nws hauv thawj xyoo ntawm tsev kawm qib siab, ua ntej tau paub nrog cov xov tooj lossis sib piv nrog nws. Paub txog cov hauv paus ntawm qhov kev qhuab qhia yav tom ntej yuav pab tsis tau tsuas yog kawm cov qauv sau ntawv xwb, tab sis kuj yog cov cai ntawm kev sau ntawv thiab orthoepy.
