Cov lus Lavxias, zoo li lwm yam, muaj nws tus kheej lexical system, uas tau tsim tsis yog ntau pua xyoo, tab sis txawm ntau txhiab xyoo. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus muaj qhov sib txawv. Muaj ob haiv neeg Lavxias thiab cov lus qiv hauv nws. Cov ntsiab lus grammatical thiab keeb kwm ntawm cov lus tau kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv, nrog rau ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv philological.
Basic concepts
Cov lus Lavxias muaj kev nplua nuj lexical, qhov tsim ntawm uas tau pib hauv Neolithic era thiab tseem niaj hnub no. Qee cov lus ploj los ntawm cov lus nquag ntawm cov lus, dhau los ua archaisms, lwm tus, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, nkag mus rau peb cov lus, dhau los ua ib feem ntawm nws.
Nyob rau hauv lub system ntawm cov lus, cov lus nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb yog muab faib ua qev thiab haiv neeg Lavxias teb sab. Keeb kwm Lavxias teb sab lus muaj txog li 90% ntawm tag nrho cov lexical muaj pes tsawg leeg. Tus so yog qiv. Tsis tas li ntawd, peb phau ntawv txhais lus tau hloov kho txhua xyoo.cov lus tshiab thiab cov ntsiab lus uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis.
thawj lo lus Lavxias
Txheej tseem ceeb yog cov lus Lavxias teb chaws. Hauv pab pawg no, cov pab pawg hauv qab no tau sib txawv, cuam tshuam nrog cov theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov lus, tab sis kuj yog tib neeg lawv tus kheej:
- lus Indo-European.
- Common Slavic.
- qub Russian.
- Tseeb Russian.
Cov lus uas tshwm sim thaum lub sijhawm no tsim lub hauv paus, lub hauv paus ntawm peb cov lus. Qhov ntawd yog qhov yuav tsum tau xav txog thawj qhov chaw.
Indo-European lub sijhawm
Keeb Kwm Lavxias teb sab lus nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm keeb kwm hnub rov qab mus rau lub sij hawm Neolithic. Lub sijhawm yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov muaj ib hom lus hais - Indo-European, uas ua haujlwm nyob ib ncig ntawm 2 xyoo txhiab BC. Cov lus ntawm pawg no suav nrog cov npe ntawm cov tsiaj, cov ntsiab lus rau kev tsim cov kinship, cov khoom noj. Piv txwv li: niam, tus ntxhais, nyuj, nyuj, nqaij thiab lwm yam. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv muaj consonant counterparts nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus. Piv txwv li, lo lus niam muaj suab zoo sib xws hauv lus Askiv (niam) thiab German (mutter).
Common Slavic theem
Cov lus Slavic lus pib nyob ib ncig ntawm lub xyoo pua 6 AD. Nws tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm ntau pawg neeg uas nyob hauv Balkans, Central thiab Eastern Europe.
Cov lus ntawm lub sijhawm no yog hais txog pawg lexical-semantic uas siv los xaiv cov npe ntawm lub cev, tsiaj txhu, cov xwm txheej ntuj, lub sijhawm, cov nroj tsuag thiab paj, npeqhov chaw ntawm cov tsev, cov cuab yeej. Cov piv txwv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov lus uas tau dim ntawm lub sijhawm no yog: ntoo qhib, linden, hav zoov spruce, ntoo, nplooj, millet, barley, bark, hoe, tsev, canopy, vaj tse, qaib, goose, kvass, kissel. Cov txheej txheem ntawm lo lus no yog qhov tshwm sim hauv cov neeg Slavic.
qub Lavxias teb sab
Cov lus qub Lavxias (lossis East Slavic) cov lus nkag mus rau hauv peb cov lus txhais thaum lub sijhawm kev sib hais haum ntawm Slavs nyob rau thaj chaw ntawm cov teb chaws Europe niaj hnub, kwv yees li ntawm XI-IX centuries. Qhov no kuj suav nrog lub sijhawm tsim ntawm kev tsim ntawm lub xeev Kievan Rus, uas yog, IX-XIV centuries. Hais txog cov lus zoo xws li tus nquab, dab laug, lace, finch, squirrel, plaub caug, cuaj caum, hnub no.
Cov lus no kuj yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm v-, koj-, ua-, vz-. Piv txwv li: platoon, khob tawm, tiav, ntes.
Koj tuaj yeem pom cov lus tsim nyob rau lub sijhawm no tsuas yog hauv Lavxias, Ukrainian thiab Belarusian lus.
Lub sijhawm tsim ntawm cov neeg Lavxias
Los ntawm lub xyoo pua 14th, ib lo lus tshiab grammatical pib tshwm nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lus. Cov lus no tshwm sim tom qab lub cev qhuav dej ntawm cov lus qub Slavic rau hauv Lavxias, Ukrainian thiab Belarusian lus. Cov lus Lavxias tsim nyog suav nrog xws li yws yws, ntawv ntsa, zaub qhwv yob, kev paub.
Qhov no suav nrog tag nrho cov npe tsim nrog kev pab ntawm cov lus kawg -shchik, -ovshchik, -stvostvo, -sh(a). Piv txwv li: hluav taws tua hluav taws, tog ntsuj plig, haiv neeg, checkered. Qhov no kuj suav nrog adverbs nyob rau hauv ib tug peasant txoj kev, nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj zeeg, verbs rau cringe, tsoo, txhawj.
Paub cov yam ntxwv no, koj tuaj yeem ua tauyooj yim xam cov lus tsim nyob rau theem ntawm txoj kev loj hlob no.
Lub sijhawm no yog lub sijhawm kawg ntawm kev tsim cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ntawm Lavxias teb sab lexemes kom raug.
Liv cov lus
Txij li thaum ub, cov neeg Lavxias tau tsim kev sib raug zoo thiab kev coj noj coj ua, tab sis tseem muaj kev nom kev tswv thiab tub rog. Tag nrho cov no coj mus rau kev qiv lus. Tau txais mus rau hauv Lavxias teb sab, lo lus nyob rau hauv lub lexical system ntawm cov lus hloov nyob rau hauv nws cov cawv thiab los ua ib feem ntawm nws cov lus. Cov lus qiv tau txhawb nqa cov lus Lavxias thiab coj ntau yam tshiab rau nws.
Qee cov lus tau txais qiv tag nrho, qee qhov raug hloov kho - lawv tau txais cov lus sau los ntawm Lavxias teb sab lossis cov lus ua ntej, uas thaum kawg ua rau tsim cov lus tshiab uas twb muaj keeb kwm Lavxias. Piv txwv li, lo lus "computer" nkag mus rau peb cov lexicon yam tsis muaj kev hloov pauv, tab sis lo lus "tus kws tshawb fawb atomic" yog suav tias yog haiv neeg Lavxias, vim nws tau tsim los ntawm lo lus qiv "atom" raws li haiv neeg Lavxias lo lus tsim qauv.
Lawv paub qhov txawv qiv los ntawm Slavic, nrog rau Turkic, Latin, Greek, Germano-Romance, uas suav nrog Askiv thiab German, Italian, Spanish, Dutch.
Lub Koom Txoos Qub Slavonicisms
Tom qab kev ntseeg Vajtswv los ntawm Russia thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 10, ntau lo lus tau los rau hauv Lavxias. Qhov no yog vim qhov tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Russia ntawm lub Koom Txoos Slavonic phau ntawv. Old Slavonic, lossis Old Bulgarian, Lub Koom Txoos Slavonic, tau siv los ntawm ntau lub xeev Slavic ua lus sau ntawv,uas yog siv los txhais cov phau ntawv Greek pawg ntseeg.
Lub tsev teev ntuj cov ntsiab lus, cov lus qhia txog cov ntsiab lus tsis meej, tau los ntawm nws mus rau hauv lus Lavxias. Cov no suav nrog cov pov thawj, tus ntoo khaub lig, lub hwj chim, kev kub ntxhov, kev sib haum xeeb, thiab lwm yam. Thaum xub thawj, cov lus no tsuas yog siv rau hauv kev sau ntawv, phau ntawv hais lus, tab sis dhau sijhawm lawv nkag mus rau hauv qhov ncauj lus.
Cov lus ntawm lub Koom Txoos Slavonic lus hais txog keeb kwm muaj cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb hauv qab no:
- Qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm cov lus. Piv txwv li: rooj vag los yog kev poob cev qhev. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov kev xaiv rooj vag yuav muaj suab nrov thiab puv.
- Kev sib txuas ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau hauv cov hauv paus ntawm cov lus. Ib qho piv txwv zoo yog lo lus taug kev.
- Lub xub ntiag ntawm tus consonant u nyob rau hauv cov lus, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lo lus illumination.
- Tus vowel e nyob rau hauv pib ntawm ib lo lus thiab ua ntej ib tug nyuaj consonant: ib.
- Syllables la-, ra- ntawm qhov pib ntawm lo lus. Piv txwv li: rook, sib npaug.
- Kev muaj npe ua ntej hauv-, dhau-. Piv txwv li: them rov qab, ntau dhau.
- Suffixes -stvi-, -usch-, -yusch-, -ash-, -yash-: paub, kub, melting.
Nqe lus ntawm thawj lo lus ntawm Vajtswv- zoo-, phem-, kev txhaum-, tus ntsuj plig-, zoo-: Vajtswv-ntshai, ua phem, foom koob hmoov.
Cov lus no tseem siv hauv Lavxias niaj hnub no. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ob peb tus neeg xav tias qhov tseeb lub npe lexemes tsis yog haiv neeg Lavxias thiab muaj keeb kwm txawv teb chaws. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog feem ntau lawv tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv cov ntawv hauv phau Vajlugkub, ua haujlwm ntawm classics ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv.
Polish lexemes
Xav seb yam twgCov lus los ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb, ib tug tsis tuaj yeem tab sis nco qab cov nyiaj qiv los ntawm cov lus Polish, uas tau pib hauv 17th-18th centuries. Los ntawm sab hnub poob Slavic lus, xws li cov khoom, painting, luav, periwinkle, jam nkag mus rau hauv peb li. Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias lawv ntxiv cov Tshuag ntawm tsis tsuas yog Lavxias teb sab, tab sis kuj Ukrainian, Belarusian.
Greek qiv
Ib txheej tseem ceeb ntawm cov lus qiv yog Greek. Nws pib nkag mus rau hauv peb cov lus txawm nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm yias-Slavic kev sib sau. Cov lus qub tshaj plaws "khoom plig" suav nrog cov lus xws li pawg ntseeg, txaj, cauldron.
Nyob rau lub sijhawm xyoo 9 mus txog xyoo pua 11, cov lus hauv qab no tau qiv: anathema, angel, lej, lampada, keeb kwm, kev xav, phau ntawv, da dej, teeb. Nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm tom qab, cov lus hais txog cov lus los ntawm kev kos duab thiab kev tshawb fawb tau qiv: comedy, anapaest, logic, analogy thiab ntau lwm cov ntsiab lus uas tau ruaj khov rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub no.
Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias ua tsaug rau kev cuam tshuam ntawm tim Nkij teb chaws thiab Byzantium, cov lus thiab kab lus ntawm Lavxias tau ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Txawm li cas los xij, kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov teb chaws no tau xav tsis yog los ntawm kev tshawb fawb xws li philology, tab sis kuj yog lej, physics, chemistry, thiab kos duab.
Latin
Nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawm 16th mus rau 8th centuries, Latin lo lus nkag mus rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lus, enriching lub lexical fund nyob rau hauv lub scientific, technical, socio-political terminology. Lawv nkag los ntawm Ukrainian thiab Polishyam lus. Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev kawm thiab kev tshawb fawb, nrog rau keeb kwm thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm cov teb chaws no, tau pab txhawb tshwj xeeb rau qhov no.
Los ntawm cov lus Latin, cov ntsiab lus paub zoo li hnub so, chaw ua haujlwm, tus thawj coj, cov neeg tuaj saib, tsev kawm ntawv, txheej txheem, pej xeem, kiv puag ncig thiab lwm yam tau tuaj rau peb.
Turkic lus
Tau ntev peb txoj kev hla nrog cov Tatars, cov Turks. Lo lus xws li pearls, hlaws, caravan, nyiaj, bazaar, dib, da dej, pos, paj, npe nees xim: roan, bay, bulany.
feem ntau qiv los ntawm cov lus Tatar. Koom nrog kev lag luam, kev coj noj coj ua lossis kev ua tub rog uas muaj nyob nruab nrab ntawm peb cov neeg tau ntau pua xyoo.
lus Scandinavian
Kev qiv nyiaj tsawg heev los ntawm cov lus Scandinavian - Swedish, Norwegian. Nkag mus rau lub sijhawm thaum ntxov vim muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev lag luam uas muaj nyob ntawm peb cov neeg nyob rau lub sijhawm ua ntej Christian.
Cov lus zoo tshaj plaws uas tau nkag mus rau Lavxias teb sab lexical system: lub npe Igor thiab Oleg, cov npe ntawm cov khoom - herring, pud, nuv, mast, sneak.
Cov lus European sab hnub poob
Lub hauv paus ntawm cov lus ntawm cov lus Lavxias niaj hnub no, nws txoj kev loj hlob kuj tseem txuas nrog ntau yam lus nyob sab Europe. Tom qab kev hloov kho ntawm Peter lub Great, nyob rau hauv 17th-18th centuries, lexemes los ntawm Western European lus nkag mus rau Lavxias teb sab lus.
Ntau lo lus tau los rau hauv peb cov lus los ntawm German los qhia txog kev ua tub rog, kev lag luam thiab cov lus niaj hnub, kev tshawb fawb thiab kos duab: daim nqi, lub hauv paus, lub cev, khi, easel, resort, toj roob hauv pes.
Dutch "sib koom" nrog cov ntsiab lus hauv Lavxias: nkoj nkoj, chaw nres nkoj, tsav nkoj, nkoj, neeg caij nkoj. Cov ntsiab lus Marine kuj los ntawm lus Askiv: midshipman, brig.
Lo lus xws li kev tsis pom zoo, qhov av, kev ncaws pob, kev ua si nawv, kab tiav, khob noom, paj npleg nkag mus rau peb cov lus qhia los ntawm lus Askiv.
Lub xyoo pua 20th kuj suav nrog cov lus los ntawm cov txuj ci thiab kev ua kis las, nyiaj txiag, kev lag luam, thiab kos duab. Cov lus tshiab uas tau muab ntxiv rau peb cov txheej txheem lexical nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd: khoos phis tawj, cov ntaub ntawv, byte, ua haujlwm dhau sijhawm, tus broker, xauj, tham qhia, thriller, luv luv, impeachment.
Nyob rau tiam 18-19, cov lus ntawm Fabkis kuj nkag mus rau hauv cov lus Lavxias - kauj-toog npab, wardrobe, tsho khuam, tsho loj, broth, cutlet, chav dej, battalion, garrison, actor, play, director.
Cov ntsiab lus suab paj nruag, cov ntsiab lus los ntawm kev kos duab los ntawm Italian thiab Spanish mus rau Lavxias: aria, tenor, libretto, sonata, carnival, gondola, serenade, guitar.
Txhua tus ntawm lawv tseem tab tom ua haujlwm hauv peb cov txheej txheem lexical, thiab peb tuaj yeem kawm txog qhov twg thiab lawv tuaj li cas los ntawm phau ntawv txhais lus.
Neologisms
Nyob rau theem tam sim no, cov txheej txheem lexical ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus tau ntxiv nrog cov lus tshiab. Lawv nkag mus rau cov lus los ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov ntsiab lus tshiab thiab tshwm sim. Thaum ib yam khoom lossis yam tshwm sim, cov lus tshiab tshwm sim los xaiv lawv. Lawv tsis nkag mus rau cov lus siv tam sim ntawd.
Rau qee lub sij hawm lo lus suav tias yog neologism, ces nws tau dhau los siv thiab ruaj khov rau hauv cov lus. Cov lus ua ntej-Neologisms tau pioneer, Komsomol tswv cuab, cosmonaut, Khrushchev thiab hais txog. Tam sim no tsis muaj leej twg yuav xav tias neologisms hauv lawv.
phau ntawv txhais lus
txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb yog siv nyob rau hauv ib rooj plaub tshwj xeeb, koj tuaj yeem xa mus rau etymological dictionaries. Lawv piav qhia txog keeb kwm ntawm lo lus, nws thawj etymology. Koj tuaj yeem siv lub tsev kawm ntawv thiab cov phau ntawv txhais lus luv luv uas kho los ntawm N. Shansky, "Lavxias Etymological Dictionary" los ntawm A. E. Anikin lossis "Etymological Dictionary" los ntawm P. A. Krylov thiab lwm tus.
Koj tuaj yeem nrhiav tau lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus txawv teb chaws tuaj rau peb los ntawm cov lus txawv teb chaws siv "Dictionary of Foreign Words" edited by Ozhegov.
Study in school
Cov lus hais txog keeb kwm thiab kev siv feem ntau yog kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv cov lus Lavxias hauv ntu "Lexicology thiab Phraseology". Qhov ze tshaj plaws rau lub ntsiab lus no yog them rau qib 5-6th, nrog rau qib 10. Cov menyuam kawm ntawv kawm paub keeb kwm ntawm cov lus thiab cov kab lus, lawv lub ntsiab lus, kawm paub qhov txawv, ua haujlwm nrog ntau hom lus.
Qee zaum, cov kws qhia ntawv tuaj yeem ua tag nrho cov kev xaiv, cov kev kawm ntxiv rau kev kawm txog keeb kwm ntawm cov lus.
Cov ntaub ntawv dab tsi tuaj yeem siv thaum kawm lub ntsiab lus "Vaj lus los ntawm qhov pom ntawm keeb kwm"? Lub rooj nrog kev faib tawm thiab cov piv txwv, cov ntawv sau ua lus sib txawv uas muaj cov lus qiv los ntawm Lavxias, phau ntawv txhais lus.
Kawm hauv University
Tshwj xeebCov ntsiab lus yog kawm kom ntxaws los ntawm qhov pom ntawm keeb kwm ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv, ntawm Kws qhia ntawv ntawm Philology. Lub ntsiab lus no tau muab ntau chav kawm hauv chav kawm "Lexicology thiab Phraseology ntawm Cov Lus Lavxias niaj hnub". Hauv cov chav kawm ua tau zoo, cov tub ntxhais kawm txheeb xyuas ntau yam ntawv, nrhiav cov neeg Lavxias thiab qiv cov lus hauv lawv, faib lawv, thiab ua haujlwm nrog phau ntawv txhais lus. Lawv kuj txiav txim siab txog qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev qiv, cov lus siv tsis tau.
Ntawm kev qhuab qhia thiab kev sib tham, kev faib cov ntsiab lus los ntawm keeb kwm, kev siv thiab ua haujlwm hauv cov lus Lavxias niaj hnub no suav nrog kev nthuav dav. Txoj hauv kev no tso cai rau koj txaus siab rau cov tub ntxhais kawm, kom nkag siab tob txog cov kev paub txog cov ntsiab lus hauv qab kev kawm.
Cov Lus Qhia
Txhua lo lus hauv lexical system ntawm ib hom lus muaj nws keeb kwm thiab keeb kwm. Qee cov lus tau ua haujlwm ntev hauv peb cov lus, txij li lub sijhawm uas ib leeg, Indo-European lus ua haujlwm, lwm tus tuaj rau peb ntawm lub sijhawm sib txawv ntawm Slavic lossis European lus, lwm tus tau tshwm sim thaum lub sijhawm tsim cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm niaj hnub no.
Kev nkag siab txog keeb kwm ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm qee cov lus yuav pab peb tsis yog nkag siab lawv lub ntsiab lus tob, tab sis tseem taug qab kev txhim kho ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm peb lub tebchaws nyob rau lub sijhawm.
