Qhov no zoo nkauj thiab qee zaum coj txawv txawv, uas yog tus thawj coj ntawm architecture thiab kos duab ntawm cov teb chaws Europe los ntawm lig kaum rau mus rau nruab nrab ntawm lub kaum yim centuries, tsim nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv ib tug era ntawm intensive creation ntawm lub xeev raws lub teb chaws kab. Nws tau koom nrog pawg ntseeg thiab aristocratic vajvoog. Lub baroque style tau qhuas thiab txhawb nqa lawv lub zog. Yog li ntawd, rau nws, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, pomp, grandiosity thiab ib tug pathetic predilection rau spectacles spectacles yog yam ntxwv. Cov style no ua ke nrog kev tsis pom kev thiab kev muaj tiag, muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov nplai thiab cov suab nrov, nrog rau kev ntxhib los mos thiab cov ntaub ntawv, duab ntxoov ntxoo thiab lub teeb.
Kev piav qhia ntawm Baroque
Thaum qhov style no tsis tau hu ua thaum xub thawj: coj txawv txawv, yoog raws ntau dhau, tsis txaus ntseeg, ua tsis ncaj, tsis zoo … Cov yam ntxwv no nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawm nws qhov pib ua suab nrov zoo li thuam. Thiab tag nrho vim hais tias lub baroque tsis sib haum mus rau lub ces canons ntawm ancient art thiab architecture.
Tab sis maj mam architecture pib tau qhov tseem ceeb tshiab thiab zoo. Baroque originated nyob rau hauv ltalis. Nws yog lub teb chaws no uas nyob rau lub sij hawm ntawd lub hauv paus ntawm kab lis kev cai, los ntawm qhov chaw no style pib nws yeejtaug kev hla Tebchaws Europe. Thiab nyob rau hauv txhua lub xeev, lub baroque tau txais nws lub teb chaws nta.
Baroque architecture, suav nrog hauv tebchaws Russia, ua ntej ntawm txhua qhov kev qhuas nrog nws cov peev txheej thiab qhov nyuaj. Nws yog characterized los ntawm ib tug ntau ntawm complex, raws li txoj cai, curvilinear cov ntaub ntawv, loj-scale colonnades. Muaj ntau cov duab puab ntawm lub facades ntawm lub tsev ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd thiab nyob rau hauv lawv interiors. Kuj tseem muaj ntau-tiered domes nrog cov duab nyuaj. Ib qho piv txwv zoo ntawm baroque architecture yog Cathedral ntawm St. Peter hauv Vatican. Cov ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb ntawm cov qauv yog Atlantes, caryatids, txhawb nqa arches thiab ua si lub luag haujlwm ntawm txhua kab, nrog rau mascarons - cov duab puab zoo nkauj hauv daim ntawv ntawm tib neeg lub taub hau lossis tsiaj lub ntsej muag ntawm lub ntsej muag.
Nws yog nyob rau hauv architecture, raws li cov kws txawj, hais tias lub baroque tau nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv tag nrho nws ntau haiv neeg thiab tiav. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau sau tag nrho cov architects uas tsim lawv tej hauj lwm nyob rau hauv no style. Cov no yog Italians Bernini, Maderna thiab Borromini, Pole Jan Glaubitz thiab ntau lwm tus. Nyob rau hauv Russia, tus kws kes duab vajtse, uas nws cov creation yuav muab faib ua Baroque, feem ntau yog B. Rastrelli. Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws nws tsim nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb txoj kev.
Hnub yug ntawm Lavxias teb sab Baroque
pib ntawm lub xyoo pua kaum yim hauv tebchaws Russia tau cim los ntawm cov xwm txheej loj. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua tiav Northern Tsov Rog thiab ntau yam kev hloov kho ntawm Peter lub Great, lub teb chaws pib txhim kho kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev lag luam. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm St. Petersburg kuj yog ib qho kev tshwm sim tseem ceeb, nws tau cim qhov pib ntawm ib theem tshiab hauv keeb kwm ntawm tsis yog peb li xwb, tab sis kuj yog lub ntiaj teb architecture. Txij li thaumqhov no tau pib, qhov tseeb, kev nthuav dav ntawm baroque hauv architecture ntawm xyoo pua 18th. Nyob rau hauv Russia, tsis tsuas yog domestic, tab sis kuj architects los ntawm Western Europe tau sau los tsim lub peev thiab nws suburbs. Kev daws teeb meem ntawm kev ua haujlwm loj ntawm kev npaj hauv nroog tau ua raws li kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Lavxias architecture.
YWestern European trends
Txawm li cas los xij, St. Petersburg architecture ntawm lub sijhawm Peter I, thiab qhov no yog thawj peb lub hlis twg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, txawm hais tias nws tau tsim los ua ib lub tebchaws tiag tiag, sib haum rau cov yam ntxwv hauv zos, tib lub sijhawm tau cuam tshuam cov txiaj ntsig. ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ntau yam ntawm Western European kev tsim kho. Ib tug tej yam monolithic thiab heev organic fusion ntawm peb thiab txawv teb chaws architectural style tshwm sim. Yog li pib lub sijhawm Baroque hauv tebchaws Russia.
Tib lub sijhawm, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke thiab kev tsim tawm tswv yim ntawm Western European style, qhov tseeb, pib hauv lub xyoo pua kaum tsib, thaum cov neeg Italians tuaj ua haujlwm hauv Moscow hauv Ivan III. Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puas xyoo, cov cawv ntawm cov neeg txawv teb chaws tau nce ntxiv thaum cov kab zoo nkauj thiab cov entablature, pediments, architraves thiab sculptural motifs pib kis maj mam nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab architecture.
Baroque style hauv Russia
Nyob hauv peb lub teb chaws, nws tsim tsis tau nws tus kheej mus ntev. Txawm hais tias qhov tseeb tias cov neeg thuam tau hloov pauv classicism hauv architecture, lawv tseem pom tsis muaj lwm txoj hauv kev "kem thiab domes". Qhov zoo ntawm Neo-Gothic thiab Neo-Renaissance tau sib tham hnyav, tab sis lo lus "Baroque" raug zam hauv Russia. Tus kws kos duab nto moo Bryullov tau npau taws thaum mus ncig rau Ltalis"perverted saj" thiab absurdity ntawm Borromini cov creations.
Thiab tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub yim caum ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, tus kws tshawb fawb ntawm ancient Lavxias teb sab architecture N. Sultanov qhia lub sij hawm "Lavxias teb sab baroque". Nyob rau hauv Russia, lawv denoted lub pre-Petrine architecture ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th. Txij thaum ntawd los, lub tswv yim ruaj khov tau tshwm sim, raws li thawj theem ntawm cov qauv no tau coj mus rau xyoo 1640.
Raws li Likhachev lub ntsiab lus, lub baroque nyob rau hauv Russia coj ib co nta ntawm lub Renaissance, uas yeej tsis tau tshwm sim tag nrho nws tus kheej. Txawm li cas los xij, lo lus "Lavxias teb sab baroque" nyob rau hauv Russia thiab feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no tsis tau txais los ntawm tag nrho cov kws tshwj xeeb. Yog li ntawd, nws yog xam raws li kev cai, thiab lub npe raug coj mus rau hauv cov lus hais.
Formally, hauv nws qhov zoo, qhov style no yog ze rau tus cwj pwm. Nws txawv ntau theem: "Naryshkin", "Golitsyn", "Petrine baroque nyob rau hauv Russia" (18th caug xyoo, thawj lub quarter) thiab "mature", hais txog lub sij hawm Elizabethan. Cov qauv tom kawg yog qhov pom tseeb tshaj plaws hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm F. Rastrelli tus Hluas hauv ntau lub tsev hauv St. Petersburg.
Naryshkinskoe lossis Moscow baroque
Tus qauv no yog hais txog ib pab pawg ntseeg tsim los ntawm tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe boyar. Naryshkin Baroque style nyob rau hauv Russia yog sawv cev los ntawm xws li tej hauj lwm ntawm architecture ntawm lig kaum xya thiab thaum ntxov 18th centuries raws li lub tsev teev ntuj nyob rau hauv Fili thiab Troitsky-Lykovo, nyob rau hauv Ubory thiab Dubrovitsy, raws li zoo raws li lub Assumption tsim nyob rau hauv Maroseyka.
Cov kws tshaj lij hu nws mus rau qee qhov nws theem tom ntej, uas hloov pauv cov ntaub ntawv los ntawmWestern European architecture, xws li kev txiav txim nrog thiab lawv cov ntsiab lus, zoo nkauj motifs ntawm baroque keeb kwm, thiab lwm yam.
Nyob ntawm Naryshkin style hauv architecture
Nws tau tshwm sim ntawm qhov hloov pauv rau peb cov architecture. Nws yog ces hais tias tiam sis los ntawm cov teb chaws Europe maj mam nkag mus rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab yawg suab style. Dab tsi txawv nws los ntawm 16th-xyoo pua architecture yog lub zog ntsug nkag mus uas glides raws cov npoo ntawm phab ntsa thiab cuam tshuam lush, qauv nthwv dej.
Lub tsev ntawm lub sijhawm no ntawm Lavxias architecture yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm kev sib cav sib ceg, hauv cov tsev muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov qauv thiab cov khoom zoo nkauj. Nyob rau hauv lub tsev ntawm "Naryshkin" Baroque nyob rau hauv Russia, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv Moscow, muaj cov yam ntxwv meej ntawm European Mannerism thiab echoes ntawm lub Gothic, muaj me ntsis ntawm Renaissance thiab Romanticism, thiab tag nrho cov no sib koom ua ke nrog cov kev cai ntawm cov ntoo thiab ancient Lavxias teb sab. pob zeb architecture.
Golitsyn style
Maj mam pib txoj kev loj hlob ntawm baroque hauv Russia. Naryshkin style nyob rau hauv Moscow architecture yog hloov los ntawm lwm yam style - lub Golitsyn style, uas yog xam tau tias yog kev hloov. Nws lub hnub qub yog nyob rau thawj kaum xyoo ntawm lub xyoo pua kaum yim, thiab nws lub hwj chim txuas ntxiv mus txog rau nruab nrab ntawm tib lub xyoo pua.
thawj lub tsev tsim tsa nyob rau hauv qhov baroque style hauv Russia yog cov tsev teev ntuj hauv Dubovitsy, hauv Perov, Volynsky, Laurentian Monastery hauv Kaluga. Tsis zoo li cov "Naryshkin" sawv daws yuav, lub tsev kho kom zoo nkauj "Golitsyn" siv ntau purely baroque ntsiab. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv cov kev daws teeb meem tsimCov kev sib xyaw ntawm cov ntim cais thiab kaw qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov arrays yog ze rau European Renaissance. Lub clarity ntawm txoj kev npaj nrog lub simplicity ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, ua ke nrog nplua nuj sab hauv kho kom zoo nkauj, ua rau ntau baroque monuments nyob rau hauv Russia muaj feem xyuam rau classical piv txwv ntawm ancient Lavxias teb sab architecture. Qhov no yog qhov tseeb tshwj xeeb hauv cov tsev tom qab - Peter thiab Paul Lub Koom Txoos hauv Moscow, nrog rau hauv Troekurov thiab Yakimanka.
YStroganov style
Qhov kev coj ua ntawm Lavxias teb sab architecture ntawm lub xyoo pua xya thiab thaum ntxov thib kaum yim xyoo pua yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tsev tsim los ntawm cov neeg lag luam nto moo, tom qab uas nws muaj npe.
Stroganov's monuments txawv los ntawm ntau cov monuments ntawm Moscow Baroque era nyob rau hauv lawv preservation ntawm tsib-domed silhouette, tsoos rau Lavxias teb sab pawg ntseeg, uas ib tug zoo kawg li baroque décor yog siv, zoo li yog fashioned los ntawm tes. Cov no suav nrog Kazanskaya hauv Ustyuzhna, Smolenskaya hauv lub zos Gordeevka, Rozhdestvenskaya hauv Nizhny Novgorod thiab ntau lwm lub tsev teev ntuj, nrog rau Vvedensky Cathedral ua hauv Solvychegodsk.
Petrine Baroque
lo lus no yog siv los ntawm cov kws sau keeb kwm kos duab rau cov qauv vaj tsev uas tau pom zoo los ntawm Peter I thiab tau siv dav hauv St. Kev txwv los ntawm kev txwv tsis pub dhau, nws tau coj ntau dua los ntawm cov qauv ntawm Swedish, German thiab Dutch architects. Baroque architecture nyob rau hauv Russia thaum lub sij hawm lub Great Reformer yog loj eclectic vaj tse, nrog ib tug predilection rau classicism thiab Gothic antiquity. Yuav kom txo tau tag nrho ntau yam kev daws teeb meem ntawm Peter tus architects rauqhov style no tsuas yog ua tau nrog kev sib koom ua ke.
Lub sijhawm no yog qhov kev tsim qauv tsim los ntawm qhov yooj yim ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev, nws muaj ntau yam kev qhia meej thiab kev txwv ntawm kev kho kom zoo nkauj, thiab kev txhais lus tiaj tus ntawm facades feem ntau pom. Tsis zoo li Naryshkin baroque nyob rau hauv Russia, lub Petrine baroque sawv cev rau ib tug txiav txim siab tsis kam ntawm Byzantine kab lig kev cai uas dominated peb architects rau yuav luag xya centuries. Tib lub sijhawm, muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm Golitsyn style, tshwm sim ncaj qha los ntawm Italian lossis Austrian qauv.
Cov Neeg Sawv Cev Zoo Tshaj
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho Baroque hauv Russia tsis yog tsuas yog los ntawm Russians, tab sis kuj los ntawm ntau tus kws kos duab txawv teb chaws nto moo. Ib tug ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Western tsev kawm ntawv uas ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws yog Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli, tus tub ntawm ib tug Italian sculptor uas ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub tsev hais plaub ntawm King Louis XIV. Judging los ntawm cov lus ntawm nws biographers, nws tau txais nws lub tsev kev paub nyob rau hauv Russia. Ua ib tus kws kos duab zoo nkauj heev, Rastrelli tau ua pov thawj nws tus kheej ib tus kws tsim qauv txawj ntse thiab coj qhov chaw siab heev hauv tsev hais plaub, tau txais txoj haujlwm ntawm "tus kws tsim vaj tsev loj". Nws txoj haujlwm tau nce mus txog qhov siab tshaj plaws hauv 1740-1750.
Lwm tus neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb ntawm Baroque hauv tebchaws Russia yog A. V. Kvasov, uas tsim thiab tsim lub Grand Palace ntawm Tsarskoye Selo ua ntej kev tsim kho los ntawm Rastrelli. Lub Koom Txoos ntawm Assumption ntawm Blessed Virgin Mary, uas tsis tau khaws cia rau ntawm Sennaya Square, kuj yog vim nws txoj hauj lwm. Tsis tshua muaj npe nrov architects ntawm Lavxias teb sab Baroque era yog P. Trezzini, A. Vista thiab, ntawm chav kawm, uas ua hauj lwm. Nyob rau hauv Russia los ntawm 1760 mus rau 1770, lub kaj txawv teb chaws sawv cev ntawm no style, Antonio Rinaldi. Lub tom kawg, nyob rau hauv nws cov tsev thaum ntxov tseem nyob rau hauv lub "laus" baroque, tom qab hloov mus rau classicism, uas nyuam qhuav tshwm sim nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis tuaj yeem hais meej meej tias Rinaldi yog tus sawv cev ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb no thaum ntxov.
Lub tsev ntawm Lavxias teb sab Baroque era
Rastrelli qhov kev paub zoo tshaj plaws yog lub koom txoos ntawm Smolny Monastery, ua rau xyoo 1748-1764 hauv St. Nws tau tsim nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai ntawm zoo sib xws ensembles yos rov qab mus rau yav dhau los centuries. Tsis tshua muaj npe nrov yog lub palaces ntawm ob tug nom tswv Elizabethan nyob rau sab qaum teb lub nroog - S. Stroganov thiab M. Vorontsov. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv thawj qhov chaw ntawm cov hauj lwm ntawm Rastrelli yog, ntawm chav kawm, lub caij ntuj no Palace, uas tau tsim rau yim xyoo. Nws tau ua tiav xyoo 1762. Nws nyob ntawm no tias cov txuj ci ntawm tus kws tsim vaj tsev no tau tshwm sim rau qib siab tshaj plaws. Lwm qhov baroque masterpieces suav nrog Grand Palace hauv Tsarskoye Selo thiab ntau lwm tus. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv heev meej characterizes lub style uas prevailed nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub kaum yim xyoo pua nyob rau hauv Russia. Lub evolution ntawm kev ua hauj lwm zoo kawg li tus kws kes duab vajtse P. Trezzini yog hais txog lub tsev teev ntuj Fedorovskaya, nyob rau hauv lub Alexander Nevsky Lavra. Niaj hnub no muaj ntau qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb txog leej twg yog tus tswv lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm tib lub npe ua rau ntawm Vladimirskaya Square. Txawm li cas los xij, ntau tus neeg xav ntseeg tias nws tsis yog tus tswv tsis paub, uas yog P. Trezzini, uas, zoo li kev sib tw nrog Rastrelli, tsim lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm kev zoo nkauj zoo nkauj kawg ntawm 1760. Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias, hmoov tsis,ntau lub tsev uas yog tus kws kes duab vajtse no tom qab tau tsim kho lossis tsuas ploj mus.
Kawm nrog nws cov npoj yaig thiab Rinaldi, uas tau tsim ntau lub tsev teev ntuj Orthodox, sib txuas ntau yam ntawm Baroque. Tshwj xeeb, cov no yog St. Andrew's Cathedral nrog nws tsib-domed domes thiab lub siab ntau-tiered tswb pej thuam, Lub Tsev Nkoj nyob hauv Peter thiab Paul Fortress, Suav thiab Marble Palaces. Qhov kawg yog suav tias yog ib qho tshwm sim tshwj xeeb hauv Lavxias architecture.
