Pob zeb-forming minerals yog cov zaub mov uas yog ib feem ntawm pob zeb ua lawv cov khoom tseem ceeb tas mus li. Lawv txawv ntawm ib leeg hauv lawv lub cev thiab cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg. Ntxiv nrog rau cov pob zeb-forming minerals, kuj muaj cov me me. Lawv tshwm sim raws li impurities thiab tsis ua lub luag haujlwm geological loj.
Plagioclases
Plagioclases yog cov pob zeb uas muaj ntau tshaj plaws. Lawv yog cov sib xyaw ntawm anorthite thiab albite. Muaj ntau ntau yam ntawm plagioclase. Nrog rau kev nce hauv kev faib ua feem ntawm anorthite, lub hauv paus ntawm cov ntxhia nce.
Plagioclases tsis tiv taus cov tshuaj huab cua, vim lawv dhau los ua av nplaum. Hauv qhov no, lawv zoo ib yam li feldspars. Lawv tuaj yeem siv los ua ib lub ntsej muag thiab cov khoom siv kho kom zoo nkauj. Yuav luag txhua lub pob zeb tsim pob zeb ntawm pawg plagioclase muaj nyob hauv Urals lossis Ukraine.
Nepheline
Nepheline belongs rau pab pawg ntawm lub moj khaum aluminosilicates. Nws yog depleted nyob rau hauv silica. Cov pob zeb zoo sib xws yog ib feem ntawm cov pob zeb uas tsis muaj zog, suav nrog nephelinites thiab nepheline syenites. Nrogyooj yim huab cua los ntawm lub ntiaj teb saum npoo thiab hloov mus rau hauv kaolinite, nrog rau cov txheej txheem thib ob ntawm sulfate lossis carbonate muaj pes tsawg leeg.
Ua ke nrog apatites, pob zeb nepheline tuaj yeem tsim cov loj loj uas tseem ceeb heev rau kev lag luam niaj hnub no. Lawv yog siv los tsim cov iav, cement, alumina, silica gel, dej qab zib, ultramarine, thiab lwm yam. Cov pob zeb tseem ceeb no muaj nyob rau ntawm Kola Peninsula hauv cheeb tsam Murmansk.
Amphiboles thiab pyroxenes
Amphibole, lossis ribbon silicates, suav nrog hornblende, uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov pob zeb tsim nyob rau hauv metamorphic thiab igneous pob zeb. Nws cov yam ntxwv txawv yog siab zog thiab siab viscosity. Feem ntau, hornblende pom nyob rau hauv Urals.
Augite yog pob zeb tsim cov ntxhia ntawm pyroxenes. Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov pob zeb igneous. Cov xim ntawm augite tuaj yeem sib txawv heev (los ntawm dub mus rau ntsuab). Cov pob zeb tsim pob zeb no los ntawm pawg pyroxene yog ib feem ntawm bas alt, andesite, diabase thiab lwm yam pob zeb.
Mica
Qee cov silicates muaj txheej txheej, scaly lossis foliar qauv. Feem ntau cov minerals xws li asbestos, talc, kaolinite, hydromicas, thiab micas (xws li muscovite thiab biotite).
Lawv lwm yam nta yog dab tsi? Muscovite yog ib tug dawb mica pom nyob rau hauv metamorphic thiab igneous pob zeb. Thaum huab cua txias, nws yuav tawg. Muscovite yog siv los uahluav taws xob insulating khoom. Nws kuj yog siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho, qhov twg mica hmoov yog ib hom hmoov. Muscovite yog mined nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Siberia, Urals thiab Ukraine.
Similar pob zeb-forming minerals - biotites. Nws yog magnesian thiab ferruginous mica ntawm xim av lossis xim dub. Nws yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm metamorphic thiab igneous pob zeb. Biotite tsim granular thiab scaly accumulations. Nws raug suav hais tias yog tshuaj lom neeg tsis ruaj khov. Biotite muaj nyob hauv Transbaikalia thiab Urals.
Hydromica
Lwm cov pob zeb tsim cov pob zeb ntawm pob zeb yog hydromicas. Lawv cov yam ntxwv feature yog me me ntawm cations. Tsis tas li ntawd, hydromica txawv ntawm micas los ntawm cov ntsiab lus siab dua ntawm cov dej hauv lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg, uas tau pom hauv lawv lub npe. Lawv tsim tau yooj yim los ntawm cov txheej txheem hydrothermal thiab huab cua ntawm pob zeb.
Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hydromica yog xim av lossis golden vermiculite. Thaum rhuab, cov dej molecular ntawm cov ntxhia no tsim cov chav, uas nthuav cov txheej hauv cov siv lead ua lattices, uas ua rau nws ntim thiab ntom. Vermiculite muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau nws lub suab-absorbing thiab kub-insulating zoo.
Layered silicates
Minerals asbestos, talc, montmorillonite thiab kaolinite yog cov pab pawg ntawm cov txheej silicates. Lawv feature yog dab tsi? Kev tsim ntawm talc tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov kev daws teeb meem kub nrog aluminosilicates thiab magnesia silicates. Nwssiv los ua hmoov hauv kev tsim cov yas.
Zoo li lwm cov pob zeb tsim cov pob zeb, asbestos yog lub npe hu ua ob peb ntau yam. Nws yog ib tug tsis zoo conductor ntawm hluav taws xob thiab cua sov, thiab yog alkali resistant thiab hluav taws resistant. Chrysotile asbestos muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws. Nws yog tsim los ntawm carbonate thiab olivine pob zeb. Asbestos nyob rau hauv nws daim ntawv ntev-fiber yog siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim ntawm ib co tsheb qhov chaw thiab fireproof fabrics.
Kaolinite yog suav tias yog cov av nplaum ntau tshaj plaws. Nws yog tsim los ntawm huab cua ntawm micas thiab feldspars thiab yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev ruaj ntseg siab. Cov ntxhia no yog dawb, greyish los yog brownish nyob rau hauv cov xim. Kaolin av nplaum yog siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam ceramic, qhov no raw khoom yog siv nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov faience thiab porcelain ceramics. Vim yog cov khoom ntawm lawv cov ntxhia tsim, cov ntaub ntawv no yog yas.
Montmorillonite yog qhov txawv ntawm ntau txoj hauv kev. Nws cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg kuj sib txawv thiab nyob ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov cua, nrog rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov dej hauv nws. Cov pob zeb tsim cov pob zeb tseem ceeb no muaj lub ntsej muag siv lead ua lub ntsej muag, vim tias lawv o tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev sib cuag nrog cov dej noo.
Montmorillonite yog tsim nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw alkaline vim decomposition ntawm tuffs thiab volcanic tshauv hauv dej. Nws kuj tshwm sim nyob rau hauv huab cua ntawm igneous pob zeb thiab yog resistant rau tshuaj weathering. Cov ntxhia no ntxiv cov adsorbability thiab o muaj peev xwm ua rau cov pob zeb clayey. Montmorillonite yog siv los uaemulsifier, muab tub lim thiab tshuaj dawb. Nws cov deposits nyob rau hauv Crimea, Transcarpathia thiab lub Caucasus.
Quartz
Mineral oxides yog cov sib xyaw ntawm cov hlau thiab cov pa. Cov neeg sawv cev tshaj plaws ntawm pab pawg no yog quartz. Cov pob zeb no yog tsim los ntawm cov txheej txheem magmatic tshwm sim hauv qhov tob tob ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv peb variations: li cristobalite, tridymite thiab a-quartz. Qhov kawg ntawm cov kev hloov kho no yog qhov kev kawm zoo tshaj plaws.
Quartz suav nrog hauv cov pob zeb tsim cov pob zeb ntawm cov pob zeb tsis pom kev (nrog rau sedimentary thiab metamorphic). Nws yog tshuaj resistant. Quartz accumulates, ua tuab sedimentary deposits, xuab zeb thiab sandstones. Cov ntxhia yog siv nyob rau hauv ceramic thiab iav industries. Raws li lub pob zeb ntuj (sandstone thiab quartzite), nws yog nrov raws li cov khoom siv hauv tsev thiab cladding. Nws kuj tseem siv rau hauv kev tsim cov tshuaj iav iav, cov cuab yeej kho qhov muag, thiab lwm yam.
Carbonates
Lwm pab pawg ntawm pob zeb tsim cov zaub mov yog carbonates. Lawv tau dav faib cov ntsev ntawm carbonic acid. Carbonates yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm metamorphic thiab sedimentary pob zeb. Feem ntau hom yog magnesite, calcite thiab sodium. Lawv txhua tus muaj lawv tus kheej cov khoom.
Calcite yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm kev solubility tsawg hauv dej. Thaum raug carbon dioxide, nws tuaj yeem hloov mus ua bicarbonate. Cov khoom no yuav yaj hauv dej ntau pua zaus sai duafeem ntau calcite. Cov pob zeb no muaj nyob rau hauv crystalline aggregates, incrustations thiab tuab deposits ntawm marble thiab limestone. Calcite tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm kev sib sau ntawm cov av. Lwm qhov laj thawj rau nws qhov tshwm sim yog qhov deposition ntawm carbonic txiv qaub nyob rau hauv dej. Cov nyiaj khaws cia muaj nyob hauv Urals, Ukraine thiab Kalaria.
Magnesite zoo ib yam li calcite hauv cov duab thiab cov qauv, tab sis tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim. Yog vim li cas yog nyob rau hauv cov yam ntxwv ntawm nws tsim. Magnesite yog tsim los ntawm huab cua ntawm serpentinites, nrog rau kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj magnesian thiab limestones.
Natrite yog cov pob zeb dawb lossis xim tsis muaj xim pom nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov granular thiab ntom ntom. Thaum rhuab, nws dissolves. Natrite yog tsim nyob rau hauv sodium ntsev pas dej nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib tug tshaj ntawm yaj carbon dioxide nyob rau hauv lawv. Cov pob zeb no yog siv hauv metallurgy thiab hauv kev tsim cov iav.
Opal
Opal yog qhov dav amorphous hydrated silica. Nws tsis decompose nyob rau hauv acids, tab sis yog soluble nyob rau hauv alkalis. Muaj ob peb yam kev mob rau nws tsim. Cov ntxhia no tshwm sim los ntawm nag lossis daus los ntawm geysers thiab cov kev daws teeb meem kub, nrog rau cov huab cua ntawm cov pob zeb tsis zoo. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog tsim los ntawm tsub zuj zuj ntawm cov khoom pov tseg ntawm cov kab mob nyob hauv hiav txwv. Opals yog cov khoom siv nrov rau jewelers.
YSulfates thiab sulfides
Mineral sulfates yog ntsev ntawm sulfuric acid tsim nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb nto. Feem ntau cov tebchaw ntawm pab pawg no tsis ruaj khov txaus hauv cov tawv ntoo.ntiaj chaw. Sulfates xws li gypsum, mirabilite thiab barite yog siv rau lub tsev. Anhydrite yog ib qho khoom hnyav ntxiv. Nws yog cov ntxhia crystalline nrog cov yam ntxwv xim dawb-xiav.
Thaum nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog dej, anhydrite nthuav dav thiab dhau los ua gypsum, uas tsim cov pob zeb zoo nkauj. Qhov no sulfate yog ib yam tshuaj precipitate tsim thaum lub hiav txwv qhuav. Gypsum thiab anhydrite yog siv los ua binders.
Hnyav spar lossis barite yog siv lead ua nrog cov duab tshwj xeeb. Nws tsis kis X-rays zoo, uas yog vim li cas nws yog siv nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov pob zeb tshwj xeeb. Barite yog tsim los ntawm nag lossis daus los ntawm cov dej kub daws.
Sulfides yog cov sib xyaw ntawm cov sulfur nrog lwm cov ntsiab lus. Cinnabar belongs rau chav kawm no. Cov pob zeb no yog txuam nrog cov tub ntxhais hluas volcanoes. Nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej, cinnabar yog pom nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov hlab ntsha thiab reservoir deposits. Nws accumulates nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm placers vim nws tus kheej stability ntawm lub ntiaj teb nto. Cinnabar yog siv rau hauv kev sib txuas ntawm mercury thiab kev tsim cov xim.
