Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov kua qaub nrog cov hlau yog tshwj xeeb rau cov chav kawm ntawm cov tebchaw. Nyob rau hauv nws cov chav kawm, cov hydrogen proton yog rov qab thiab, nrog rau cov kua qaub anion, yog hloov los ntawm ib tug hlau cation. Qhov no yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov tshuaj ntsev-ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, txawm hais tias muaj ntau hom kev sib cuam tshuam uas tsis ua raws li txoj cai no. Lawv pib ua redox thiab tsis nrog hydrogen evolution.
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov kua qaub nrog cov hlau
Txhua yam kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj inorganic acid nrog cov hlau ua rau tsim cov ntsev. Qhov tsuas yog qhov tshwj xeeb yog, kab tias, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov hlau zoo nrog aqua regia, sib xyaw ntawm hydrochloric thiab nitric acid. Lwm yam kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov kua qaub nrog cov hlau ua rau tsim cov ntsev. Yog hais tias cov kua qaub tsis yog cov concentrated sulfuric los yog nitric, ces molecular hydrogen yog cais tawm raws li ib yam khoom.
Tab sis thaum muaj zog sulfuric acid reacts, kev cuam tshuam nrog cov hlau ua tiav raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov txheej txheem redox. Yog li ntawd, ob hom kev sib cuam tshuam tau sim ua qhov txawv, zoo ib yamhlau thiab muaj zog inorganic acids:
- tshuaj tiv thaiv cov hlau nrog cov kua qaub dilute;
- kev sib cuam tshuam nrog cov kua qaub.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thawj hom pib nrog cov kua qaub. Tsuas yog qhov tshwj xeeb yog concentrated sulfuric acid thiab nitric acid ntawm txhua qhov concentration. Lawv hnov mob raws li hom thib ob thiab ua rau tsim cov ntsev thiab cov khoom ntawm kev txo cov sulfur thiab nitrogen.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov kua qaub nrog cov hlau
Metals nyob rau sab laug ntawm hydrogen nyob rau hauv tus qauv electrochemical series react nrog dilute sulfuric acid thiab lwm yam acids ntawm ntau yam concentrations, tshwj tsis yog cov nitric acid, tsim ib tug ntsev thiab tso tawm molecular hydrogen. Cov hlau nyob rau sab xis ntawm hydrogen hauv electronegativity series tsis tuaj yeem hnov mob nrog cov kua qaub saum toj no thiab cuam tshuam nrog nitric acid, tsis hais nws cov concentration, nrog cov concentrated sulfuric acid thiab nrog aqua regia. Qhov no yog ib qho kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov kua qaub nrog cov hlau.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov hlau nrog concentrated sulfuric acid
Thaum cov ntsiab lus ntawm sulfuric acid nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj yog ntau tshaj 68%, nws yog xam tau tias yog concentrated thiab interacts nrog hlau rau sab laug thiab sab xis ntawm hydrogen. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog hlau ntawm ntau yam kev ua ub no yog qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab hauv qab no. Ntawm no, tus neeg sawv cev oxidizing yog leej faj atom hauv sulfate anion. Nws raug txo kom hydrogen sulfide, 4-valent oxide los yog molecular sulfur.
Reactions nrog dilute nitric acid
Nyob zoonitric acid reacts nrog hlau nyob rau sab laug thiab sab xis ntawm hydrogen. Thaum lub sij hawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog active hlau, ammonia yog tsim, uas tam sim ntawd dissolves thiab interacts nrog nitrate anion, tsim lwm ntsev. Nrog cov hlau ntawm nruab nrab kev ua si, cov kua qaub reacts nrog tso tawm ntawm molecular nitrogen. Nrog tsis muaj zog, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv pib nrog kev tso tawm ntawm dinitric oxide. Feem ntau, ntau cov khoom txo cov sulfur yog tsim nyob rau hauv ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv. Piv txwv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tau pom zoo hauv daim ntawv thov graphical hauv qab no.
Reactions nrog concentrated nitric acid
Hauv qhov no, nitrogen kuj ua raws li tus neeg sawv cev oxidizing. Txhua qhov kev tshwm sim xaus nrog kev tsim ntsev thiab tso tawm nitric oxide. Schemes ntawm chav kawm ntawm redox cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog npaj rau hauv daim ntawv thov graphical. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm aqua regia nrog cov ntsiab lus qis qis tsim nyog tau txais kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb. Xws li kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov kua qaub nrog cov hlau tsis yog tshwj xeeb.
Reactivity ntawm hlau
Metals teb tau yooj yim nrog cov kua qaub, txawm tias muaj ob peb yam tsis muaj zog. Cov no yog cov hlau zoo thiab cov ntsiab lus uas muaj cov txheej txheem electrochemical siab. Muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov hlau uas tsim los ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm qhov ntsuas no. Nws yog hu ua electronegativity series. Yog hais tias cov hlau yog nyob rau sab laug ntawm hydrogen nyob rau hauv nws, ces nws muaj peev xwm yuav react nrog dilute acid.
Tseem tsuas muaj ib qho kev zam: hlau thiabaluminium vim qhov tsim ntawm 3-valent oxides ntawm lawv qhov chaw tsis tuaj yeem hnov mob nrog cov kua qaub yam tsis muaj cua sov. Yog hais tias qhov sib tov yog rhuab, ces pib lub oxide zaj duab xis ntawm cov hlau nkag mus rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, thiab ces nws dissolves nyob rau hauv cov kua qaub nws tus kheej. Cov hlau nyob rau sab xis ntawm hydrogen hauv electrochemical series ntawm kev ua haujlwm tsis tuaj yeem hnov mob nrog inorganic acid, suav nrog dilute sulfuric acid. Muaj ob qhov kev zam rau txoj cai: cov hlau no yaj hauv cov concentrated thiab dilute nitric acid thiab aqua regia. Tsuas yog rhodium, ruthenium, iridium thiab osmium tsis tuaj yeem yaj nyob rau tom kawg.
