Raws li koj paub, txhua qhov kev hais lus hauv Lavxias tau muab faib ua ob pawg: ywj siab thiab pab.
Cov lus tseem ceeb, ntxiv rau cov yam ntxwv morphological, muaj lub ntsiab lus lexical. Ntawd yog, kev txhais lus tshwj xeeb uas tuaj yeem pom hauv phau ntawv txhais lus.
Qhov kev pabcuam ntawm kev hais lus tsuas muaj lub ntsiab lus grammatical xwb. Lawv lub luag haujlwm hauv cov lus, raws li qhov tseeb ntawm cov npe ntawm pawg no, tsuas yog txo qis rau kev saib xyuas cov lus ywj pheej xwb.
Prepositions, piv txwv li, qhia txog kev cia siab ntawm qee qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lwm tus hauv kab lus lossis kab lus. Cov koom haum muaj ob txoj haujlwm hauv kev tsim kho syntactic. Lawv txuas ob kab lus ua ib feem ntawm ib qho nyuaj, lossis txuas cov tswv cuab homogeneous.
Qhov kev pabcuam thib peb ntawm kev hais lus, zoo li cov koomhaum pabcuam, kuj muaj ob txoj haujlwm. Tab sis ua ntej txiav txim siab rau lawv, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los txiav txim siab seb lub particle yog dab tsi thiab nws sawv cev dab tsi.
Cia peb pib nrog qhov tseeb tias qhov no ntawm kev hais lus yog qhov hloov tsis tau, tab sis, tsis zoo li cov lus tseem ceeb, nws tsuas yog cov hauv paus morpheme. Tsis tas li ntawd, tag nrho cov khoom tsis yog cov tswv cuab ntawm kab lus, lawv tau sau nrog cov lus uas lawv xa mus.
Nyob ntawm qhov tso tawm, haistuaj yeem pab tsim cov ntawv qhia lus lossis qhia cov duab ntxoov ntxoo.
Nyob tag nrho, nqe lus no muaj peb pawg lus.
thawj qeb ntawm cov khoom yog shaping. Raws li lub npe implies, lawv ua hauj lwm pab. Nrog lawv cov kev pab, cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov xwm txheej thiab lub siab xav tau tsim:
- Kuv yuav kawm txoj cai yog kuv tsis tub nkeeg.
- Vajntxwv kav ntev!
- Cia peb koom tes.
- Cia peb tawm ntxov.
- Cia nws los tsev!
- Thov kom lub caij ntuj sov.
Thaum nug tias dab tsi yog ib feem, cov tub ntxhais kawm feem ntau nco qab tus lej thib ob ntawm qhov kev hais lus no. Tsis zoo "TSIS" thiab "NOT", uas tau kawm tas mus li thiab cais kev sau nrog ntau pawg ntawm cov lus, yooj yim rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv nco.
Qhov "tsis yog" particle muab lub ntsiab lus tsis zoo rau tag nrho cov lus lossis cov ntsiab lus ntawm tus kheej hauv kab lus:
- Tsis txhob hla txoj kev ntawm lub teeb liab.
- Lub tsev pas dej tsis loj, tab sis me.
Thaum ob qhov tsis zoo nrog "tsis yog" hauv kab lus, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, tus nqi zoo tshwm:
Tom qab hnov cov lus tsis tseeb, nws pab tsis tau tab sis teb
Qhov "tsis yog" qhov sib txuas nrog "tsis yog" tsuas yog txhawb qhov kev tsis pom zoo, tab sis tom qab cov lus nug ua ntej qhov kev txiav txim siab, qee zaum nws tau txais lub ntsiab lus dav dav.
- Nws nyeem tsis tau lossis sau tsis tau.
- Nyob qhov twg los xij, muaj lub paj tawg nyob txhua qhov chaw.
Modal hais txawm ntxiv semantic nuances lossis qhia tus neeg tus cwj pwm rau qhov tau hais.
Pab pawg ntawm cov lus no yog heterogeneous. Muaj ob peb subtypes ntawm modal hais:
- interrogative (tiag, tiag, yog nws);
- taw tes (ntawm no, tawm, ntawm no, thiab tawm);
- excretory thiab txwv (tsuas yog, tshwj xeeb, nkaus xwb, yuav luag).
- pab kom meej (nco);
- exclamatory (xws li, dab tsi rau);
- amplifying (txawm, tom qab tag nrho, tom qab tag nrho, tib yam, thiab lwm yam);
- qhia kev tsis ntseeg (tsis yooj yim, nyuaj);
- migating claim(s).
Particle "-ka" yog sau nrog hyphen nrog lo lus nws siv nrog:
Tshuaj, phooj ywg
Txhawm rau teb cov lus nug txog dab tsi yog ib qho, ib tus yuav tsum ntxiv cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev paub qhov txawv ntawm cov lus hais los ntawm cov lus sib xws. Piv txwv li, lub union "yuav ua li cas" thiab ib tug zoo xws li exclamation particle txawv nyob rau hauv lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kab lus:
How (ex. fr.) hmo ntuj zoo nkauj heev!
Kuv pom (sib koom) nthwv dej tsoo tawm tsam pob zeb.
Summarizing dab tsi yog particle. Ib feem ntawm kev hais lus no tsuas muaj lub ntsiab lus grammatical, nws yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev tsim cov ntawv qhia ua lus thiab kev sib kis ntawm cov duab ntxoov ntxoo hauv cov lus hais. Txhua yam ntawm peb chav kawm particle muaj lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb hauv cov lus.
