Cov lus Avestan yog ib hom lus qub tshaj plaws ntawm kev vam meej, ib tug neeg tuag sawv cev ntawm cov lus Iranian niaj hnub no. Nws yog lub npe hu rau peb feem ntau ua tsaug rau lub monument qub txeeg qub tes ntawm no sau nyob rau hauv lub zoo nkauj lub npe "Avesta" (uas yog txhais los ntawm lub Middle Persian lus li "code"). Twb tau nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 4th-6th AD, cov lus tau archaic heev uas nws tau siv tshwj xeeb rau kev pe hawm ntawm Zoroastrians. Zoroastrianism yog ib qho ntawm cov kev ntseeg qub tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, raws li cov lus ntawm tus yaj saub Zarathustra (los yog, nyob rau hauv ib qho kev sib txawv, Zoroaster), uas tau txais los ntawm Vajtswv nws tus kheej. Lub hauv paus ntawm cov lus qhia ntawm kev ntseeg no yog kev xaiv dawb ntawm qhov zoo (kev ua, lus thiab kev xav) los ntawm ib tug neeg. Nyob hauv ib puag ncig kev ntseeg no, cov lus tseem siv niaj hnub no. Nws yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrov nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws xws li Is Nrias teb thiab Iran.
Los ntawm keeb kwm ntawm hom lus
Raws li tau hais los saum toj no, hauv 4th-6th centuries, kev siv cov lus Avestan maj mam ploj mus. Tab sis thaum twg nws tshwm sim? Cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm qhia peb tias nyob rau hauv III-IV centuriesnws tau tsim khoom tsim los rau lub hom phiaj ntawm kev sau zaj nkauj ntawm tus yaj saub Zoroaster uas twb tau hais lawm. Yog vim li cas rau qhov poob ntawm kev siv cov lus yog nyob rau hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Islam (7th caug xyoo), thaum Avestan tau hloov los ntawm Arabic, cov lus ntawm Muslim pe hawm thiab kev cai dab qhuas cov ntaub ntawv.
Ua ib hom lus Iranian sab hnub tuaj los ntawm nws cov qauv thiab qhov xwm txheej, Avestan muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog Sanskrit thiab qub Persian. Linguists-tus kws tshaj lij tuaj yeem taug qab lawv los ntawm kev khaws cia ntawm kev sau ntawv.
Txoj Haujlwm ntawm Avestan lus
Ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov lus no, nws tsim nyog sau cia ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm nws cov phonemes. Yog li ntawd, muaj 38 lub suab nyob rau hauv cov lus, 16 lub vowels, nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, tsab ntawv nyob rau hauv cov lus yog tsim, raws li nyob rau hauv Arabic, los ntawm sab xis mus rau sab laug, nyob rau hauv ib tug kab rov tav txoj kev. Muab hais tias cov lus tuag lawm, nws muaj peev xwm (theoretically) kawm nws yog tias xav tau, tab sis nyuaj. Feem ntau, thaum kawm, qhov zoo sib xws ntawm ib hom lus nrog ib qho ntawm cov uas twb muaj lawm, txawm zoo dua - nrog rau ib qho koj hais koj tus kheej (tseem muaj qhov txawv txav: piv txwv li, nws yooj yim dua los kawm Romance lus, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog Italian, yog koj paub Latin).
Puas Avestan muaj ib yam dab tsi nrog Lavxias?
Txawm li cas los xij, ntawm qhov zoo sib xws ntawm cov lus Avestan thiab cov lus Lavxias, tej zaum tsuas yog sau cov tsiaj ntawv thiab faib cov lus rau hauv qee yam, universal rau ntau hom lus feem ntau, pawg grammatical tuaj yeem sau tseg. Nws yuav tsis yuam kom koj hloov mus rau hom tshiab hauv pauskev xav, tab sis, alas, yuav tsis pab txhua yam hauv kev paub lub suab lus
qauv lus thiab cov lus ntawm Avestan
Ib qho ntawm cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov qauv sau ntawv ntawm Avestan, uas sib sau ua ke nrog lwm yam lus, yog, raws li twb tau hais lawm, kev faib cov lus rau hauv pawg grammatical. Yog li, koj tuaj yeem cais cov lus qhia, adjectives, nouns, qhov kev pabcuam ntawm kev hais lus, lej, thiab lwm yam. Verbs, adjectives, thiab nouns kuj muaj cov conjugation thiab declension paradigms. Adverbs yog invariable.
Tseem muaj ib pawg ntawm poj niam los txiv neej (txiv neej, poj niam thiab neuter); Ntxiv rau qhov ntau thiab ntau tus lej, kuj tseem muaj ob tus lej (tus yam ntxwv ntawm ntau yam lus qub; piv txwv li, nws tau tshwm sim hauv Cov Lus Laus Slavonic thiab Cov Lus Laus Lavxias). Cov ntaub ntawv xaus yog txiav txim los ntawm cov lus ua haujlwm lossis los ntawm inflections (endings). Declension ntawm nouns tshwm sim nyob rau hauv yim qhov teeb meem: Nominative, Vocative, Accusative, Instrumental, Dative, Delay, Genitive thiab Local.
Cov ntawv nquag thiab tsis muaj zog yog qhov txawv ntawm cov lus qhia; qeb ntawm verb tense hloov mus rau theem nrab hauv kev sib raug zoo rau qeb ntawm cov lus qhia (zoo meej, arist thiab Praesens). Koj tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm qhov kev xav, xws li kev qhia, kev xaiv, kev hais lus, subjunctive thiab imperative (paub rau feem ntau yog "imperative").
Cov lus ntawm Avestan yog feem ntau ntawm Aryan keeb kwm. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov no tau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau cov lus ntawm ntau haiv neeg thiab kev coj noj coj ua uas qhia txog Zoroastrianism, lossis muaj qee qhov cuam tshuam rau nws. Piv txwv li, cov kev sib txuas no tuaj yeem taug qab hauv cov lus Persian niaj hnub no, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov lus ntawm cov lus hu ua siab, poetic style: lo lus "lub vaj kaj siab", "hluav taws" thiab ntau lwm tus muaj lawv cov hauv paus hauv cov lus Avestan.
