Lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav, lub cev ntawm lub cev uas yuav tau tham hauv peb tsab xov xwm, yog ib qho "cuam tshuam" nruab nrab ntawm ib puag ncig thiab ib puag ncig sab hauv ntawm tus neeg. Nws tsim muaj teeb meem loj rau cov kab mob, muab thawj theem ntawm kev zom thiab cov tsos ntawm cov suab.
Qhov ncauj kab noj hniav: anatomy hauv ontogeny
Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm tib neeg embryonic txoj kev loj hlob, lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav pib tsim nyob rau hauv 12th hnub. Visually, nws yog ib tug protrusion ntawm ectoderm, uas nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub plawv protrusion thiab lub hlwb zais zis. Lub sijhawm no, nws hu ua fossa, lossis qhov ncauj kab noj hniav.
Hom lus tsim thaum 4-5 lub lis piam ntawm ontogeny. Ua ke nrog cov nqaij ntshiv, nws yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev hloov kho ntawm cov gill arches. Kev loj hlob ntxiv ntawm qhov ncauj kab noj hniav, lub cev ntawm lub cev uas nyuaj dua, tso cai rau tus menyuam hauv plab kom saj cov kua amniotic. Qhov no yog ib puag ncig nws nyob. Nyob rau lub lim tiam 7th, saj buds tshwm ntawm tus nplaig. Thaum pib ntawm lub hlis thib ob ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm lub embryo, tsim lub ntuj tiav.
Txoj kev ntawm mucosashells
Lub cev nqaij daim tawv ntawm qhov ncauj kab noj hniav (daim duab qhia nws cov qauv) yog sawv cev los ntawm cov khoom hauv qab no: daim di ncauj, tus nplaig, lub puab tsaig, cov hniav, cov pos hniav, cov qog ua kua qaub, palate thiab tonsils.
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua kom nws txoj haujlwm yog ua los ntawm cov mucous membrane tsim los ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg squamous epithelial stratified. Hauv qab nws yog lub hauv paus membrane thiab txheej submucosal. Ib tug yam ntxwv feature ntawm lub qhov ncauj epithelium yog ib tug muaj peev xwm rov tsim dua tshiab, uas yog ua los ntawm nws cov kab mob txheej, raws li zoo raws li tsis kam mus rau qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov kab mob thiab ib puag ncig irritants.
Qhov tseeb, cov mucous membrane yog tsim los ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg sib txuas. Nws yog nyob rau hauv nws cov hlab ntsha xaus, capillary thiab lymphatic hlab ntsha nyob. Lub mucosa nws tus kheej muaj cov qauv cellular tshwj xeeb uas ua haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Cov no suav nrog macrophages, mast thiab plasma cells. Lawv muab phagocytosis ntawm txawv teb chaws hais, kev tswj cov hlab ntsha permeability, synthesis ntawm immunoglobulins.
Muaj ntau hom receptors hauv qhov ncauj mucosa. Cov no muaj xws li mob, tactile thiab kub. Tab sis lub mucous tsis perceive lub saj. Txoj haujlwm no yog ua los ntawm cov leeg nqaij ntawm lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav - tus nplaig.
Yog li ntawd, peb tuaj yeem hais tias cov mucous membrane ntawm tib neeg lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav muab kev tiv thaiv, rhiab thiab yas ua haujlwm.
Lab lus
Lub cev nqaij daim tawv ntawm tib neeg lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav kuj muab cov kev tsim ntawm saj. Lawv tshwm sim thaumkev txiav txim ntawm ntau yam tshuaj ntawm cov receptors tshwj xeeb. Pom zoo, kev xaav ntawm saj yog tib neeg nkaus xwb. Tab sis cov kws tshawb fawb paub qhov txawv ntawm nws cov hom loj. Cov no suav nrog qaub, iab, qab zib, thiab ntsev.
Saj receptors hu ua chemoreceptors. Lawv nyob rau hauv lub saj buds, txhua yam uas yog tej zaum txuas nrog lub qhov ncauj qhib. Txawm hais tias cov phiaj xwm dav dav ntawm lub tsev, lawv txhua tus tshwj xeeb. Yog li, receptors uas pom tias qab zib yog concentrated ntawm lub ntsis ntawm tus nplaig, qaub ntawm cov npoo, thiab iab ntawm cov hauv paus hniav. Ntau qhov dav yog thaj tsam muaj peev xwm paub txog qab ntsev. Nws yog nyob rau ntawm qhov kawg thiab raws ntug. Tus nplaig tseem koom nrog ua suab, ntub dej, sib tov thiab nqos cov zaub mov.
Qhov ncauj ntawm qhov ncauj thiab cov hniav
Kev ua cov khoom noj khoom haus yog ua nrog kev pab ntawm cov hniav. Feem ntau, muaj 32 ntawm lawv, nyob rau hauv lub qhov ntawm txhua lub puab tsaig muaj 4 incisors, 2 canines, 4 me thiab 6 molars loj. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog tshwj xeeb. Yog li, nrog kev pab ntawm incisors thiab fangs, zaub mov raug tom, thiab nrog kev pab los ntawm molars, nws twb crushed mus rau ib tug mushy xeev.
Raws li cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv sab nraud hauv cov hniav, cov hauv paus hniav, caj dab thiab yas yog qhov txawv. Cov tom kawg yog nws qhov pom thiab nyob saum cov pos hniav. Cov ntaub so ntswg uas npog lub crown yog hu ua enamel. Nws suav hais tias yog qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws hauv tib neeg lub cev. Lub caj dab yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv tsis tshua muaj zog - cement. Cov ntaub so ntswg uas ua rau cov kab noj hniav ntawm cov hniav yog cov pulp. Nws muaj cov paj hlwblymphatic thiab cov hlab ntsha. Yog li ntawd, nws yog vim lub pulp uas khoom noj khoom haus thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov hniav tshwm sim.
Cov qauv ntawm qhov ncauj ua li cas? Kev tso cov hniav tshwm sim txawm nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm embryonic. Tab sis lawv tshwm sim 6 lub hlis tom qab yug me nyuam. Muaj 20 tus ntawm lawv, lawv yog cov mis nyuj, mus txog 10 xyoo raug hloov los ntawm cov khoom mus tas li. Qhov kawg loj hlob yog cov hniav ntse, uas tshwm sim thaum muaj hnub nyoog 25 xyoos. Rau tib neeg, lawv yog ib tug atavism, txij li thaum lawv tau poob lawv lub ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm evolution.
Receptors
Cov kws tshawb fawb hais tias muaj txog 2,000 tus saj ntawm lub qhov ncauj. Lawv irritated nyob rau hauv teb rau zaub mov. Cov teeb liab uas tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog xa mus raws cov paj hlwb los ntawm qhov nruab nrab mus rau ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm lub paj hlwb cortex. Qhov no yog qhov kev nkag siab ntawm saj.
Rau txhua tus neeg nws yog tus kheej tiag tiag. Saj yog txiav txim los ntawm qhov pib ntawm rhiab heev. Nws tsis zoo ib yam rau cov tshuaj sib txawv. Qhov ntsuas no yog siab tshaj rau iab, qis rau qaub. Tab sis cov neeg qab zib thiab qab zib pom ib yam nkaus.
Tshuaj ua zaub mov
Lub cev nqaij daim tawv ntawm lub qhov ncauj thiab lub pharynx yog xws li lawv kuj yog ib hom reservoir rau thawj cov khoom noj. Ncaj nraim cov khoom noj, nws cov duab los yog txawm tias cov ntxhiab tsw nkoos lub zais zis ntawm qaub ncaug. Qhov no tshwm sim nrog kev pab ntawm cov qog, cov ducts uas qhib rau hauv lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav. Cov qaub ncaug tawgcomplex carbohydrates rau hauv yooj yim sawv daws yuav, neutralization ntawm microorganisms, moisturizing thiab enveloping cov zaub mov bolus. Tom qab ntawd, nrog kev pab ntawm tus nplaig, nws raug thawb mus rau lub pharynx, txav mus rau hauv txoj hlab pas thiab lub plab.
Kab qaub ncaug
Los ntawm lub cev muaj zog, qaub ncaug yog cov kua tsis muaj xim ntawm cov mucous sib xws. Ntau tshaj 98% ntawm nws cov ntsiab lus yog dej. Kev tawg ntawm cov suab thaj nyuaj yog muab los ntawm qaub ncaug enzymes - m altase, amylase thiab lysozyme. Cov tshuaj tom kawg kuj ua haujlwm tiv thaiv, tiv thaiv kab mob thiab kho qhov txhab hauv qhov ncauj.
Saliva kuj muaj cov hnoos qeev hu ua mucin. Nws muab hydration thiab ntim khoom noj. Yog li, nws yog lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav uas ua ob qho tib si txhua yam thiab tshuaj ua cov khoom noj. Lub cev nqaij daim tawv ntawm qhov no ntawm lub plab zom mov yog cuam tshuam nrog cov haujlwm uas nws ua.
How salivation tshwm sim
Cov txheej txheem ntawm salivation tshwm sim reflexively. Rau nws "lav" nws yog tsim nyog rau irritate lub receptors ntawm lub qhov ncauj mucosa. Yog li ntawd, cov hlab ntsha impulses tshwm sim, uas tau xa mus rau qhov chaw ntawm salivation ntawm medulla oblongata. Cov txheej txheem no yog unconditioned reflex.
Tab sis yog peb tsuas xav txog ib lub txiv qaub qaub los yog lub ncuav qab zib qab zib, cov qaub ncaug yuav pib ntws mus rau hauv lub qhov ncauj tam sim ntawd. Cov kev xav zoo li no yog qhov xwm txheej.
Yog li, qhov ncauj kab noj hniav, lub cev ntawm lub cev uas tau txiav txim siab hauvpeb tsab xov xwm, ua cov haujlwm hauv qab no:
- txiav txim siab qhov zoo thiab saj ntawm zaub mov;
- siv tshuab thiab tshuaj ua zaub mov;
- tiv thaiv lub cev los ntawm cov kab mob, cov khoom tsis zoo;
- kev tsim khoom noj khoom haus;
- rhuav tshem cov carbohydrates yooj yim rau hauv ib qho yooj yim.
