Zoo tshaj, niaj hnub no tsis muaj ib lub tsev uas tsis muaj daim iav. Nws tau dhau los ua ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm peb lub neej uas nws nyuaj rau tus neeg ua yam tsis muaj nws. Qhov khoom no yog dab tsi, nws cuam tshuam li cas rau daim duab? Thiab yog tias koj muab ob daim iav sib txawv? Cov khoom zoo kawg no tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb rau ntau zaj dab neeg. Muaj cov cim qhia txog nws txaus. science hais li cas txog daim iav?
keeb kwm me ntsis
Cov iav niaj hnub no feem ntau yog coated iav. Raws li cov txheej txheem, txheej nyias nyias yog siv rau sab nraub qaum ntawm lub khob. Ib txhiab xyoo dhau los, daim iav tau ua tib zoo polished tooj liab lossis tooj liab disks. Tab sis tsis yog txhua tus muaj peev xwm them tau daim iav. Nws raug nqi ntau heev. Yog li ntawd, cov neeg pluag tau yuam kom xav txog lawv qhov kev xav hauv dej. Thiab daim iav uas qhia ib tug neeg nyob rau hauv tag nrho txoj kev loj hlob yog feem ntau yog ib tug tseem hluas invention. Nwskwv yees li 400 xyoo.
Daim iav tib neeg txawm xav tsis thoob thaum lawv tuaj yeem pom qhov cuam tshuam ntawm daim iav hauv daim iav - nws feem ntau zoo li lawv tej yam yees siv. Tom qab tag nrho, cov duab tsis yog qhov tseeb, tab sis ib qho kev xav ntawm nws, ib hom kev illusion. Nws hloov tawm hais tias peb ib txhij pom qhov tseeb thiab illusion. Tsis xav tias tib neeg ntaus nqi ntau yam khoom siv yees siv rau cov khoom no thiab txawm ntshai nws.
Cov tsom iav thawj zaug tau ua los ntawm platinum (xws li, ib zaug cov hlau no tsis muaj nuj nqis kiag li), kub lossis tin. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau tshawb pom daim iav ua rov qab rau hauv Bronze Age. Tab sis daim iav uas peb tuaj yeem pom niaj hnub no tau pib nws keeb kwm tom qab lawv muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo ntawm cov iav tshuab hauv Europe.
Kev saib xyuas
Los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm physics, qhov kev xav ntawm daim iav hauv daim iav yog qhov sib npaug ntawm tib qhov kev xav. Qhov ntau cov iav zoo li no tau teeb tsa qhov sib txawv, qhov ntau dua qhov illusion ntawm fullness nrog tib daim duab tshwm sim. Cov nyhuv no feem ntau yog siv rau hauv kev lom zem caij tsheb. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Disney park muaj ib tug thiaj li hu ua endless hall. Nyob ntawd, ob daim iav tau teeb tsa rau ib leeg, thiab cov nyhuv no tau rov ua dua ntau zaus.
Qhov tshwm sim ntawm daim iav hauv daim iav, muab faib los ntawm tus lej tsis kawg, tau dhau los ua ib qho kev nyiam tshaj plaws. Xws li cov attractions tau ntev nkag mus rau hauv kev lag luam lom ze. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, ib qho kev nyiam hu ua Palace of Illusions tau tshwm sim ntawm kev nthuav qhia thoob ntiaj teb hauv Paris. Nwsnyiam muaj koob meej. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm nws cov creation yog qhov xav txog ntawm daim iav nyob rau hauv daim iav ntsia nyob rau hauv ib tug kab, qhov loj ntawm tag nrho cov tib neeg qhov siab, nyob rau hauv ib tug lossis loj pavilion. Cov neeg muaj kev xav tias lawv nyob hauv pawg neeg coob.
Law of Reflection
Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm ib daim iav yog raws li txoj cai ntawm kev nthuav tawm thiab kev xav ntawm lub teeb rays hauv qhov chaw. Txoj cai no yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv optics: lub kaum sab xis ntawm qhov xwm txheej yuav zoo ib yam (sib npaug) rau lub kaum sab xis ntawm kev xav. Nws zoo li lub pob poob. Yog hais tias nws yog muab pov vertically downwards rau hauv pem teb, nws tseem yuav thaws vertically upwards. Yog tias nws muab pov rau ntawm lub kaum sab xis, nws yuav rov qab los ntawm lub kaum sab xis sib npaug ntawm lub kaum sab xis ntawm qhov xwm txheej. Rays ntawm lub teeb los ntawm ib tug nto yog reflected nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev. Ntxiv mus, qhov smoother thiab smoother saum npoo no, qhov zoo tshaj plaws txoj cai no ua haujlwm. Kev xav hauv daim iav tiaj tus ua haujlwm raws li txoj cai no, thiab qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm nws qhov chaw, qhov zoo dua qhov kev xav.
Tab sis yog tias peb tab tom cuam tshuam nrog matte lossis ntxhib qhov chaw, ces cov rays randomly.
Daim iav tuaj yeem cuam tshuam lub teeb. Qhov peb pom, tag nrho cov khoom uas cuam tshuam, yog vim cov rays uas zoo ib yam li lub hnub. Yog tias tsis muaj lub teeb, ces tsis muaj dab tsi tuaj yeem pom hauv daim iav. Thaum lub teeb rays poob rau ntawm ib yam khoom los yog nyob rau hauv ib yam dab tsi uas muaj sia nyob, lawv yuav xav txog thiab nqa cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov khoom nrog lawv. Yog li, qhov kev xav ntawm ib tus neeg hauv daim iav yog lub tswv yim ntawm ib qho khoom tsim ntawm retina ntawm nws lub qhov muag thiab xa mus rau lub hlwb nrog tag nrho nws cov yam ntxwv (xim, loj,remoteness, thiab lwm yam).
Yam iav qhov chaw
Daim iav yog tiaj tus thiab kheej kheej, uas, dhau los, tuaj yeem ua concave thiab convex. Niaj hnub no muaj cov iav ntse uas twb muaj lawm: ib hom kev tshaj tawm xov xwm tsim los ua kom pom cov neeg tuaj saib lub hom phiaj. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm nws txoj haujlwm yog raws li hauv qab no: thaum ib tug neeg los ze zog, daim iav zoo li los rau hauv lub neej thiab pib ua yeeb yaj kiab. Thiab daim vis dis aus no tsis raug xaiv los ntawm lub sijhawm. Lub kaw lus tau tsim rau hauv daim iav uas paub txog thiab ua tiav cov duab tshwm sim ntawm tus neeg. Nws sai sai txiav txim siab nws poj niam txiv neej, hnub nyoog, lub siab xav. Yog li, lub kaw lus hauv daim iav xaiv qhov demo uas tuaj yeem nyiam tus neeg. Nws ua haujlwm 85 zaug ntawm 100! Tab sis cov kws tshawb fawb tsis tso tseg thiab xav kom ua tiav qhov tseeb ntawm 98%.
Spherical daim iav nto
Lub hauv paus ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm daim iav kheej kheej yog dab tsi, lossis, raws li lawv kuj hu ua, nkhaus ib - daim iav nrog convex thiab concave nto? Cov iav zoo li no txawv ntawm cov iav zoo tib yam uas lawv cuam tshuam cov duab. Convex daim iav nto ua kom pom cov khoom ntau dua li cov tiaj tus. Tab sis tib lub sijhawm, tag nrho cov khoom no zoo li me me. Cov iav zoo li no tau nruab rau hauv tsheb. Ces tus tsav tsheb muaj lub cib fim pom daim duab ntawm sab laug thiab sab xis.
Daim iav nkhaus concave tsom rau cov duab tshwm sim. Hauv qhov no, koj tuaj yeem pom cov khoom cuam tshuam kom ntxaws li sai tau. Ib qho piv txwv yooj yim: cov iav no feem ntau siv hauv shaving thiab tshuaj. Duab ntawm qhov kev kawm hauvCov iav zoo li no tau sib sau los ntawm cov duab ntawm ntau qhov sib txawv thiab cais cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom no. Txhawm rau tsim cov duab ntawm txhua yam khoom hauv daim iav concave, nws yuav txaus los tsim cov duab ntawm nws ob lub ntsiab lus. Cov duab ntawm lwm cov ntsiab lus yuav nyob nruab nrab ntawm lawv.
Nyob zoo ib tsoom niam txiv kwv tij neej tsas sawv daws
Muaj lwm hom iav uas muaj qhov pom tseeb. Lawv tau npaj rau hauv txoj kev uas ib sab zoo li daim iav zoo tib yam, thiab lwm qhov yog ib nrab pob tshab. Los ntawm qhov no, sab pob tshab, koj tuaj yeem pom qhov pom qab ntawm daim iav, thiab los ntawm sab ib txwm, tsis muaj dab tsi pom tsuas yog qhov kev xav. Cov iav zoo li no feem ntau tuaj yeem pom hauv cov yeeb yaj kiab ua txhaum cai, thaum tub ceev xwm tshawb xyuas thiab nug tus neeg raug liam, thiab ntawm qhov tod tes lawv saib nws lossis nqa cov pov thawj los qhia, tab sis kom tsis pom.
lus dab neeg ntawm infinity
Muaj kev ntseeg tias los ntawm kev tsim ib daim iav txoj kev hauv tsev, koj tuaj yeem ncav cuag qhov kawg ntawm lub teeb nyob rau hauv daim iav. Cov neeg ntseeg tsis ntseeg uas ntseeg Vajtswv feem ntau siv qhov kev cai dab qhuas no. Tab sis kev tshawb fawb tau ntev ua pov thawj tias qhov no ua tsis tau. Interestingly, lub reflection ntawm lub teeb los ntawm daim iav yeej tsis tiav, 100%. Qhov no yuav tsum muaj qhov zoo meej, 100% du nto. Thiab nws tuaj yeem yog li 98-99% yog li. Ib txwm muaj qee qhov yuam kev. Yog li ntawd, cov ntxhais uas kwv yees nyob rau hauv xws li mirrored corridors los ntawm tswm ciab kev pheej hmoo, feem ntau, tsuas yog nkag mus rau ib tug tej yam kev puas siab puas ntsws lub xeev uas tej zaum yuav tsis zoo rau lawv.
Yog tias koj muab ob daim iav tawm tsam ib leeg, thiab teeb taws tswm ciab ntawm lawv, koj yuav pom ntau yamteeb ua kab ua ke. Q: Muaj pes tsawg lub teeb koj tuaj yeem suav tau? Thaum xub thawj siab ib muag, qhov no yog tus lej infinite. Tom qab tag nrho, zoo li yuav tsis muaj qhov kawg ntawm no series. Tab sis yog tias peb ua tiav qee qhov kev suav lej, peb yuav pom tias txawm tias cov iav uas muaj 99% kev xav, tom qab kwv yees li 70 lub voj voog, lub teeb yuav dhau los ua ib nrab tsis muaj zog. Tom qab 140 qhov kev xav, nws yuav tsis muaj zog los ntawm ib qho ntawm ob. Txhua lub sij hawm, cov rays ntawm lub teeb dim thiab hloov xim. Yog li ntawd, lub sijhawm yuav los thaum lub teeb yuav tawm tag nrho.
Yog li tsis muaj qhov kawg tseem ua tau?
Kev xav tsis kawg ntawm lub teeb ntawm daim iav tsuas yog ua tau nrog cov iav zoo tagnrho tso rau tib lub sijhawm. Tab sis nws puas tuaj yeem ua tiav qhov kev tsis txaus ntseeg thaum tsis muaj dab tsi hauv ntiaj teb cov khoom siv yog qhov tseeb thiab zoo tagnrho? Yog tias ua tau, ces tsuas yog los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm kev ntseeg kev nco qab, qhov uas qhov zoo tshaj plaws yog Vajtswv, tus tsim ntawm txhua yam omnipresent.
Vim qhov tsis muaj daim iav zoo tagnrho qhov chaw thiab lawv cov kev sib luag zoo sib xws rau ib leeg, cov kev xav tau yuav raug khoov, thiab cov duab yuav ploj mus, zoo li nyob ib ncig ntawm kaum. Yog hais tias peb kuj coj mus rau hauv tus account lub fact tias ib tug neeg saib nyob rau hauv qhov kev xav no, thaum muaj ob daim iav, thiab nws kuj yog ib tug tswm ciab nruab nrab ntawm lawv, kuj yuav tsis sawv nruj nreem sib npaug zos rau, ces pom kab ntawm tswm ciab yuav ploj tom qab tus ncej. daim iav sai sai.
Multiple reflection
Hauv tsev kawm ntawv, cov tub ntxhais kawm kawm tsim cov duab ntawm ib yam khoom siv cov cai ntawm kev xav. Raws li txoj cai ntawm kev xav ntawm lub teeb nyob rau hauv daim iav, ib yam khoom thiab nws daim iav duab yog symmetrical. Kawm kev tsim khodluab siv lub kaw lus ntawm ob lossis ntau daim iav, cov tub ntxhais kawm tau txais txiaj ntsig ntawm ntau qhov kev xav raws li qhov tshwm sim.
Yog tias koj ntxiv ib qho thib ob ntawm lub kaum sab xis rau thawj zaug rau ib daim iav tiaj tus, ces tsis yog ob qhov kev xav hauv daim iav yuav tshwm sim, tab sis peb (lawv feem ntau yog S1, S2 thiab S3). Txoj cai ua haujlwm: cov duab uas tshwm nyob rau hauv ib daim iav yog reflected nyob rau hauv lub thib ob, ces qhov no thawj yog reflected nyob rau hauv lwm, thiab dua. Tus tshiab, S2, yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam nyob rau hauv thawj qhov, tsim ib daim duab thib peb. Txhua qhov kev xav yuav zoo sib xws.
Symmetry
Cov lus nug tshwm sim: yog vim li cas cov kev xav hauv daim iav sib txawv? Cov lus teb yog muab los ntawm geometric science, thiab nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog psychology. Dab tsi yog nce thiab nqis rau peb yog thim rov qab rau daim iav. Daim iav, raws li nws yog, tig sab hauv tawm dab tsi nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm nws. Tab sis kuj ceeb tias, thaum kawg, hauv pem teb, phab ntsa, qab nthab thiab txhua yam hauv qhov kev xav tau zoo ib yam li qhov tseeb.
Tus neeg xav li cas hauv daim iav?
Tus txiv neej pom qhov kaj. Nws cov quanta (photons) muaj cov khoom ntawm nthwv dej thiab hais. Raws li txoj kev xav ntawm thawj thiab theem nrab lub teeb qhov chaw, photons ntawm ib lub teeb ntawm lub teeb, ntog ntawm ib qho khoom opaque, yog absorbed los ntawm atoms ntawm nws qhov chaw. Excited atoms tam sim ntawd rov qab lub zog uas lawv tau absorbed. Secondary photons yog emissions uniformly nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov lus qhia. Rough thiab matte nto muab ib tug diffuse reflection.
Yog qhov no yog daim iav nto (lossis zoo sib xws), ceslub teeb-emitting hais raug txiav txim, lub teeb qhia yoj yam ntxwv. Secondary nthwv dej them nyiaj rau txhua qhov kev taw qhia, ntxiv rau ua raws li txoj cai hais tias lub kaum sab xis ntawm qhov xwm txheej yog sib npaug rau lub kaum sab xis ntawm kev xav.
Photons zoo li rebound elastically los ntawm daim iav. Lawv cov trajectories pib los ntawm cov khoom, zoo li yog nyob tom qab nws. Nws yog lawv uas tib neeg lub qhov muag pom thaum saib hauv daim iav. Lub ntiaj teb qab daim iav txawv ntawm qhov tiag. Txhawm rau nyeem cov ntawv nyob ntawd, koj yuav tsum pib ntawm sab xis mus rau sab laug, thiab lub moos tes mus rau qhov sib txawv. Tus doppelgänger hauv daim iav tsa nws sab laug thaum tus neeg sawv ntawm daim iav tsa nws sab xis.
Kev xav hauv daim iav yuav txawv rau cov tib neeg saib rau hauv tib lub sijhawm, tab sis ntawm qhov sib txawv thiab nyob rau hauv ntau txoj haujlwm.
Cov iav zoo tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm yog cov uas ua los ntawm cov nyiaj ua tib zoo polished. Niaj hnub no, ib txheej ntawm hlau yog siv rau sab nraum qab ntawm iav. Nws tiv thaiv los ntawm kev puas tsuaj los ntawm ob peb txheej xim. Hloov ntawm cov nyiaj, kom txuag tau nyiaj, txheej txheej ntawm txhuas feem ntau siv (kev xav coefficient yog kwv yees li 90%). Tib neeg lub qhov muag tsis pom qhov txawv ntawm cov nyiaj txheej thiab txhuas.
