Lub sijhawm thaum peb cuam tshuam cov ntshav nrog qee yam tsis muaj tseeb, nkag siab tsis tau, zoo heev, tau ploj mus ntev. Niaj hnub no, lub tswv yim no yog nquag siv. Plasma yog siv hauv kev lag luam. Nws yog dav siv nyob rau hauv lub teeb pom kev zoo engineering. Ib qho piv txwv yog cov roj tso tawm roj teeb illuminating txoj kev. Tab sis nws kuj muaj nyob rau hauv cov teeb fluorescent. Nws kuj yog nyob rau hauv hluav taws xob vuam. Tom qab tag nrho, lub vuam arc yog lub plasma tsim los ntawm plasma teeb. Muaj ntau qhov piv txwv tuaj yeem muab tau.
Plasma physics yog ib ceg tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Yog li ntawd, nws tsim nyog nkag siab txog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntsig txog nws. Nov yog qhov peb tsab xov xwm tau mob siab rau.
Txhais thiab hom ntshav plasma
plasma yog dab tsi? Lub ntsiab lus hauv physics yog qhov tseeb heev. Lub xeev plasma yog qhov teeb meem zoo li no thaum tom kawg muaj qhov tseem ceeb (ua raws li tag nrho cov khoom) tus lej ntawm cov khoom siv (cov nqa khoom) uas tuaj yeem txav tau ntau dua lossis tsawg dua hauv cov khoom. Cov hom loj hauv qab no ntawm plasma hauv physics tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv. Yog tias cov cab kuj yog cov khoom ntawm tib hom (thiabparticles ntawm opposite nqi, neutralizing lub system, tsis muaj kev ywj pheej ntawm kev txav), nws yog hu ua ib tug-kwv yees. Txwv tsis pub, nws yog - ob lossis ntau lub ntsiab lus.
Plasma nta
Yog li, peb tau piav qhia luv luv txog lub tswv yim ntawm plasma. Physics yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb tseeb, yog li cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm no. Cia peb tam sim no qhia txog cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm lub xeev teeb meem no.
Plasma cov khoom hauv physics yog raws li hauv qab no. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nyob rau hauv lub xeev no, nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm twb me me electromagnetic rog, lub zog ntawm cov cab kuj tshwm sim - ib tug tam sim no ntws nyob rau hauv no txoj kev mus txog rau thaum cov rog no ploj mus vim qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam ntawm lawv cov peev txheej. Yog li ntawd, lub plasma nws thiaj li dhau mus rau hauv lub xeev uas nws yog quasi-neutral. Hauv lwm lo lus, nws qhov ntim, loj dua li qee tus nqi microscopic, muaj pes tsawg tus nqi. Qhov thib ob feature ntawm plasma yog hais txog qhov ntev-ntev ntawm Coulomb thiab Ampere rog. Nws muaj nyob rau hauv lub fact tias cov lus tsa suab nyob rau hauv lub xeev no, raws li ib tug txoj cai, muaj ib tug collective cim, uas muaj ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov nqi hais. Cov no yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm plasma hauv physics. Nws yuav pab tau kom nco ntsoov lawv.
Ob qho ntawm cov yam ntxwv no ua rau muaj qhov tseeb tias ntshav plasma physics txawv txawv thiab muaj ntau haiv neeg. Nws qhov kev pom zoo tshaj plaws yog qhov yooj yim ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm ntau yam kev tsis sib haum xeeb. Lawv yog ib qho teeb meem loj uas cuam tshuam rau kev siv cov ntshav plasma. Physics yog ib txoj kev tshawb fawb uas niaj hnub hloov zuj zus mus. Yog li ntawd, nws tuaj yeem cia siab tias dhau sijhawm cov teeb meem noyuav raug tshem tawm.
Plasma hauv kua
Tig mus rau cov piv txwv tshwj xeeb ntawm cov qauv, cia peb pib nrog kev txiav txim siab ntawm plasma subsystems hauv condensed teeb meem. Ntawm cov kua, ib qho yuav tsum ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov npe ua kua hlau - piv txwv uas cov plasma subsystem sib raug - ib qho plasma ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Hais lus nruj me ntsis, qeb ntawm kev txaus siab rau peb kuj yuav tsum suav nrog cov kua dej electrolyte uas muaj cov nqa khoom - ions ntawm ob lub cim. Txawm li cas los xij, rau ntau yam, electrolytes tsis suav nrog hauv pawg no. Ib tug ntawm lawv yog hais tias tsis muaj lub teeb, mobile nqa, xws li electrons, nyob rau hauv lub electrolyte. Yog li ntawd, cov khoom plasma saum toj no tau nthuav tawm ntau zog dua.
Plasma hauv crystals
Plasma hauv cov muaju muaj lub npe tshwj xeeb - lub xeev cov ntshav plasma. Nyob rau hauv ionic crystals, txawm tias muaj nqi, lawv yog motionless. Yog li ntawd, tsis muaj plasma. Hauv cov hlau, cov no yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas tsim los ntawm ib qho plasma. Nws tus nqi yog them los ntawm tus nqi ntawm immobile (ntau qhov tseeb, tsis tuaj yeem txav mus ntev) ions.
Plasma hauv semiconductors
Xav txog cov hauv paus ntawm plasma physics, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias qhov xwm txheej hauv semiconductors muaj ntau haiv neeg. Cia peb luv luv characterize nws. Ib qho ntshav plasma hauv cov tshuaj no tuaj yeem tshwm sim yog tias tsim nyog impurities tau nkag rau hauv lawv. Yog tias impurities yooj yim pub dawb electrons (cov neeg pub dawb), ces cov neeg nqa khoom n-hom tshwm sim - electrons. Yog tias impurities, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, yooj yim tshem tawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob (acceptors), ces p-hom cab kuj tshwm sim.- qhov (qhov chaw tsis muaj nyob rau hauv kev faib ntawm electrons), uas coj zoo li hais nrog ib tug zoo nqi. Ob lub ntsiab lus plasma tsim los ntawm electrons thiab qhov tshwm sim hauv semiconductors hauv txoj kev yooj yim dua. Piv txwv li, nws tshwm nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub teeb siv lub teeb, uas cuam tshuam electrons los ntawm valence band rau hauv conduction band. Peb nco ntsoov tias nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob, electrons thiab lub qhov attracted rau ib leeg yuav tsim ib tug khi lub xeev zoo ib yam li ib tug hydrogen atom - ib tug exciton, thiab yog hais tias lub twj tso kua mis khaus thiab qhov ceev ntawm excitons yog siab, ces lawv sib koom ua ke thiab tsim ib tug poob. ntawm electron-qhov kua. Qee lub sij hawm lub xeev no raug suav hais tias yog lub xeev tshiab.
Gas ionization
Cov piv txwv saum toj no tau xa mus rau cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb ntawm lub xeev plasma, thiab cov ntshav hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab yog hu ua ionized gas. Ntau yam tuaj yeem ua rau nws cov ionization: hluav taws xob hluav taws xob (gas paug, thunderstorm), lub teeb flux (photoionization), cov kab hluav taws xob ceev (kua hluav taws xob los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, cosmic rays, uas tau tshawb pom los ntawm kev nce qib ntawm ionization nrog qhov siab). Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog cov cua kub ntawm cov roj (thermal ionization). Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, kev sib cais ntawm ib tug electron los ntawm ib tug atom ua rau muaj kev sib tsoo nrog rau tom kawg ntawm lwm cov pa particle, uas muaj txaus kinetic zog vim kub.
siab thiab qis ntshav ntshav
Physics ntawm qis-kub plasma yog qhov peb tau ntsib nrog yuav luag txhua hnub. Piv txwv li lub xeev no yog nplaim taws,tshuaj nyob rau hauv cov pa paug thiab xob laim, ntau hom txias qhov chaw plasma (iono- thiab magnetospheres ntawm cov ntiaj chaw thiab hnub qub), ua hauj lwm cov khoom nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev pab kiag li lawm (MHD generators, plasma cav, burners, thiab lwm yam). Piv txwv ntawm cov plasma kub kub yog qhov teeb meem ntawm cov hnub qub nyob rau txhua theem ntawm lawv cov evolution, tshwj tsis yog rau cov me nyuam yaus thiab cov laus laus, cov khoom ua haujlwm hauv cov chaw tswj cov thermonuclear fusion (tokamaks, laser devices, beam devices, etc.).
Lub xeev plaub yam
Ib puas xyoo dhau los, ntau tus kws tshawb fawb thiab kws kho mob tau ntseeg tias qhov teeb meem tsuas yog cov molecules thiab atoms xwb. Lawv raug muab tso rau hauv kev sib txuas ua ke tsis zoo tag nrho lossis ntau dua lossis tsawg dua. Nws tau ntseeg tias muaj peb theem - gaseous, kua thiab khoom. Cov tshuaj txais lawv nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm lwm yam mob.
Txawm li cas los xij, tam sim no peb tuaj yeem hais tias muaj 4 lub xeev ntawm qhov teeb meem. Nws yog plasma uas tuaj yeem suav tias yog tshiab, plaub. Nws qhov txawv ntawm cov condensed (khoom thiab kua) hais nyob rau hauv lub fact tias, zoo li ib tug roj, nws tsis muaj tsis tsuas shear elasticity, tab sis kuj ib tug ruaj ntim. Ntawm qhov tod tes, lub plasma muaj qhov sib txuam nrog lub xeev condensed lub xub ntiag ntawm qhov kev txiav txim luv luv, piv txwv li, kev sib raug zoo ntawm txoj haujlwm thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom nyob ib sab ntawm cov plasma them. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, xws li ib tug correlation yog generated tsis yog los ntawm intermolecular, tab sis los ntawm Coulomb rog: ib tug muab nqi repels nqi ntawm tib lub npe nrog nws tus kheej thiab attracts opposite ones.
Plasma physics tau tshuaj xyuas luv luv los ntawm peb. Lub ntsiab lus no yog voluminous, yog li peb tsuas tuaj yeem hais tias peb tau nthuav tawm nws cov hauv paus. Plasma physics yeej tsim nyog xav txog ntxiv.
