Lub Girey dynasty kav lub Crimean Khanate rau yuav luag 350 xyoo. Nws tau qhia rau ntiaj teb ntau tus neeg nto moo, qee tus yog cov neeg tseem ceeb, thaum lwm tus pom lawv txoj kev hu xov tooj hauv kev pabcuam kev tshawb fawb thiab kab lis kev cai. Tus kws tshaj lij kos duab nto moo thiab ethnographer Sultan Khan Giray tau koom nrog hom tom kawg. Biography ntawm tus txiv neej no, nrog rau keeb kwm ntawm Girey dynasty tag nrho, yuav yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm peb kev sib tham.
Biography ntawm Khan Giray
Sultan Khan Giray yug hauv 1808 ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Adygea niaj hnub. Nws yog tus thib peb tus tub ntawm Crimean Tatar aristocrat, nqis los ntawm Khan tsev neeg - Mehmed Khan Giray. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ntshav Circassian kuj tau ntws hauv cov leeg ntawm Sultan. Qhov zoo tshaj ntawm ob tug neeg no yog intertwined nyob rau hauv nws.
Tom qab nws muaj hnub nyoog 29 xyoos, nws tau koom nrog ntau qhov kev tsov rog ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws, thaum muaj ib tug tub ceev xwm qib thiab txib ib pab pawg. Tab sis nws tsis tau koom nrog hauv Kev Tsov Rog Caucasian, uas tau rhuav tshem nws lub tebchaws nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, txawm hais tias, qhov tseeb, qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb no tau tshwm sim hauv nws lub siab.
Khan-Girey tau sau ntau yam haujlwm ntawm haiv neeg keeb kwm, lus dab neeg thiab kos duab thuam ntawm cov neeg Circassian, uas tau txais koob meej thoob ntiaj teb. Ntawm lawv yog Cov Lus Ceeb Toom ntawm Circassia thiab Circassian Kev Cai. Thiab nws-tus sau ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm kos duab. Tab sis feem ntau ntawm nws tej hauj lwm tau luam tawm tsuas yog tom qab nws tuag. Khan Giray tseem hu ua tus sau ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv Adyghe.
Txij li xyoo 1841, nws nquag tawm tsam ntawm cov neeg nyob siab (sawv cev ntawm tsoomfwv Lavxias) nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev sib haum xeeb rau lawv. Txawm li cas los xij, nws qhov kev sim tau xaus rau qhov tsis muaj dab tsi. Khan Giray tuag thaum muaj hnub nyoog 34 xyoo, xyoo 1842, hauv nws lub tebchaws me me.
Tus txiv neej zoo tshaj no tau tso tseg ib tug tub - Sultan Murat Giray, uas yug hauv xyoo ntawm nws txiv tuag. Tab sis kev koom tes ntawm Sultan Khan Giray rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Adyghe kab lis kev cai thiab cov ntaub ntawv yog priceless.
Raws li ib qho ntawm cov qauv, nws yog kev hwm ntawm nws tias Crimean Tatars xav hloov npe Kherson Khan-Girey.
Cia peb saib seb leej txiv ntawm tus cwj pwm zoo li no yog leej twg.
Lub hauv paus ntawm lub dynasty
Tus tsim ntawm lub dynasty ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm Crimea yog Hadji Giray. Nws los ntawm pawg Tukatimurid - ib tug ntawm cov offshoots ntawm Genghis Khan cov xeeb ntxwv. Raws li lwm qhov version, cov hauv paus hniav ntawm Girey dynasty tuaj ntawm Mongol tsev neeg ntawm Kirey, thiab lawv tau raug ntaus nqi rau Genghisides tom qab thiaj li yuav ua kom pom tseeb lawv txoj cai rau lub hwj chim.
Hadji Giray yug nyob ib ncig ntawm 1397 nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Belarus hnub no, uas lub sijhawm ntawd tau koom nrog Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania (ON).
Lub sijhawm ntawd, Golden Horde tau dhau los ntawm lub sijhawm nyuaj, tau tawg mus rau ntau lub xeev ywj pheej. Lub zog nyob rau hauv Crimea, nrog kev txhawb nqa ntawm Lithuanian tub huabtais, tau ua tiav hauv kev ntes Hadji-Gireya hauv 1441. Yog li ntawd nws tau los uatus tsim ntawm lub dynasty uas kav nyob rau hauv lub Crimea rau yuav luag 350 xyoo.
Nyob hauv lub zog
Mengli-Girey yog Khan uas tau tso lub hauv paus rau lub hwj chim ntawm Crimean Khanate. Nws yog tus tub ntawm Hadji Giray, tom qab nws tuag (hauv 1466) muaj kev tawm tsam rau lub hwj chim tawg ntawm cov me nyuam.
Thaum xub thawj, tus tub hlob ntawm Hadji-Girey, Nur-Devlet, tau los ua Khan. Tab sis Mengli Giray txiav txim siab los tawm tsam txoj cai no. Ob peb zaug thaum lub sij hawm no internecine tawm tsam, tus kav ntawm Crimean Khanate hloov. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, yog tias Nur-Devlet tso siab rau cov tub rog ntawm Golden Horde thiab Ottoman Empire hauv nws cov lus thov, ces Mengli tso siab rau lub nroog Crimean nobility. Tom qab ntawd, lwm tus kwv tij, Ayder, tau koom nrog kev sib ntaus sib tua. Nyob rau hauv 1477, lub zwm txwv tau txeeb los ntawm Janibek, uas tsis tau koom nrog Girey dynasty.
Thaum kawg, xyoo 1478, Mengli Giray muaj peev xwm thaum kawg kov yeej nws cov neeg sib tw thiab tsim nws tus kheej hauv lub hwj chim. Nws yog nws uas tau tso lub hauv paus rau lub hwj chim ntawm Crimean Khanate. Muaj tseeb, nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm kev tawm tsam nrog lwm tus neeg thov, nws yuav tsum paub txog lub vassal dependence ntawm nws lub xeev nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Ottoman thiab muab rau sab qab teb ntawm Crimea, uas yog colonized los ntawm nws cov phooj ywg - Genoese, ncaj qha tswj ntawm lub Turks..
Crimean Khan Mengli-Girey tau koom tes nrog lub xeev Muscovite tawm tsam Great Horde (tus qub txeeg qub teg rau Golden Horde) thiab Lithuania. Nyob rau hauv 1482, nws cov tub rog ravaged Kyiv, uas nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawd koom rau GDL. Nyob rau hauv nws, lub Crimean Tatars nqa tawm loj heev predatory raids nyob rau hauv lub Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania raws li ib feem ntawm kev ua raws li kev pom zoo nrog Moscow. Xyoo 1502 Mengli GirayThaum kawg rhuav tshem lub Great Horde.
Mengli Giray tuag xyoo 1515.
Nyob ntxiv zog ntawm Khan lub hwj chim
Lub xeev tau ntxiv dag zog los ntawm Mehmed Giray - Khan, uas kav tom qab kev tuag ntawm Mengli Giray thiab yog nws tus tub. Tsis zoo li nws txiv, nws tab tom npaj los ua tus kav txij thaum yau, tau txais lub npe - kalga, uas sib raug rau lub npe ntawm tus huab tais huab tais. Mehmed-Girey coj ntau qhov kev sib tw thiab kev tawm tsam los ntawm Mengli-Girey.
Thaum txog lub sijhawm nws nkag mus rau lub zwm txwv, nws twb tuav tag nrho cov xov xwm ntawm tsoomfwv hauv nws txhais tes, yog li ntawd nws cov kwv tij txoj kev tawm tsam tau poob rau qhov tsis ua tiav.
Hauv xyoo 1519, Crimean Khanate tau muaj zog heev, uas yog ib feem ntawm Nogai Horde tsiv mus rau nws thaj chaw. Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias Nogais tau swb los ntawm Kazakhs, thiab lawv yuav tsum tau nrhiav lub tsev vwm ntawm Mehmed Giray.
Nyob rau hauv Mehmed, muaj kev hloov pauv hauv txoj cai txawv tebchaws ntawm Crimean Khanate. Tom qab lub Great Horde raug swb los ntawm nws txiv, qhov kev xav tau rau kev koom tes nrog Moscow tus thawj tswj hwm tau ploj mus, yog li Mehmed Giray Khan tau koom nrog Lithuania tawm tsam Russia. Nws nyob hauv qab nws tias thawj qhov kev sib tw loj ntawm Crimean Tatars tawm tsam Moscow Thawj Tswj Hwm tau teeb tsa hauv 1521.
Mehmed-Girey tau tswj hwm nws tus tij laug Sahib-Girey rau ntawm lub zwm txwv ntawm Kazan Khanate, yog li txuas nws lub zog mus rau Middle Volga. Nyob rau hauv 1522 nws ntes lub Astrakhan Khanate. Yog li, Mehmed Giray tau tswj hwm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tus qub Golden Horde.
Tab sis thaum nyob hauv Astrakhan, khan tau qaug rau nwslub hwj chim uas rhuav tshem cov tub rog, uas tau siv los ntawm cov neeg tsis txaus siab uas tau npaj kev koom tes tawm tsam Mehmed Giray thiab tua nws hauv 1523.
lub zog ntawm lub zog
Los ntawm 1523 txog 1551, cov kwv tij thiab cov tub ntawm Mehmed-Giray hloov pauv. Lub sijhawm no yog tag nrho ntawm kev tawm tsam hnyav hauv Crimean Khanate. Tab sis nyob rau hauv 1551, Devlet-Girey, tus tub ntawm Mubarek, los ua hwj chim, uas, nyob rau hauv lem, yog cov xeeb ntxwv ntawm Mengli-Girey. Nws yog thaum lub sij hawm nws kav lub Crimean Khanate mus txog lub ncov ntawm lub hwj chim.
Devlet-Girey yog Crimean khan, uas tau los ua nto moo tshwj xeeb rau kev tawm tsam hauv xeev Lavxias. Nws txoj kev sib tw ntawm 1571 txawm ua tiav hauv qhov kub hnyiab ntawm Moscow.
Devlet Giray tau muaj hwj chim tau 26 xyoo thiab tuag rau xyoo 1577.
Nyob ntawm Khanate
Yog tias tus tub ntawm Devlet Giray Mehmed II tseem tswj hwm lub koob meej ntawm Crimean Khanate, tom qab ntawd nyob rau hauv nws cov neeg ua tiav qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub xeev Tatar hauv kev sib tw thoob ntiaj teb tau poob qis. Mehmed II nws tus kheej raug rhuav tshem los ntawm Turkish sultan hauv 1584, thiab nws tus tij laug Islyam-Girey raug kaw. Cov nram qab no Crimean khas yog cov tswj tsis tau zoo, thiab hauv lub xeev nws tus kheej, kev tsis sib haum xeeb tau tshwm sim heev.
Nyob rau xyoo 1648, Islyam-Girey III tau sim nkag mus rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm kev nom kev tswv loj los ntawm kev koom tes nrog Zaporozhian Cossacks hauv kev ua tsov rog ntawm kev ywj pheej tawm tsam Tebchaws Meskas. Tab sis lub union sai sai no poob sib nrug, thiab cov hetmanate los ua ib tug neeg ntawm Lavxias teb sab tsar.
Tus kav kawg
Tus kav kawg ntawm CrimeanKhanate tau los ua Khan Shahin Giray. Txawm tias thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm nws predecessor Devlet Giray IV, nyob rau hauv 1774, lub Crimean Khanate tau txais kev ywj pheej los ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman thiab lees paub lub protectorate ntawm Russia. Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm cov xwm txheej rau Kyuchuk-Kaynarji kev thaj yeeb, uas tau xaus kev tsov rog Lavxias-Turkish tom ntej.
Crimean Khan Shagin Giray tuaj rau lub hwj chim hauv 1777 raws li kev tiv thaiv ntawm Russia. Nws tau enthroned es tsis txhob pro-Turkish Devlet Giray IV. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias muaj kev txhawb nqa los ntawm Lavxias riam phom, nws tsis tau zaum ruaj khov ntawm lub zwm txwv. Qhov no yog pov thawj los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias nyob rau hauv 1782 nws raug tshem tawm ntawm lub zwm txwv los ntawm nws tus tij laug Bahadir Giray, uas tau los rau lub hwj chim ntawm nthwv dej ntawm ib tug nrov uprising. Nrog kev pab los ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias teb sab, Shagin-Giray tau tswj hwm lub zwm txwv, tab sis nws txoj kev kav ntxiv tau dhau los ua qhov tseeb, vim nws tsis muaj hwj chim tiag tiag.
Xyoo 1783 cov ntawv tseeb no raug tshem tawm. Shagin Giray kos npe rau abdication, thiab lub Crimean Khanate tau annexed rau Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws. Yog li xaus lub sij hawm ntawm Girey txoj cai nyob rau hauv lub Crimea. Tsuas yog cov nyiaj npib ntawm Khan Girey, cov duab uas tuaj yeem pom saum toj no, tuaj yeem ua pov thawj ntawm Shagin txoj kev kav.
Shagin-Girey, tom qab abdication, thawj zaug nyob rau hauv Russia, tab sis tom qab ntawd tsiv mus rau Qaib Cov Txwv, nyob rau hauv 1787 nws raug tua los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Sultan.
Girei tom qab poob zog
Sultan Khan-Girey tsis yog tib tus neeg sawv cev ntawm tsev neeg uas tau paub dav dav tom qab poob lub hwj chim ntawm cov dynasty hla Crimea. Nws cov kwv tij muaj npe nrov - Sultan Adil-Girey thiab Sultan Sagat-Girey, uas tau los ua neeg nto moo hauv cov tub rogteb rau cov txiaj ntsig ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws.
Khan-Girey tus npawg Sultan Davlet-Girey tau los ua tus tsim ntawm Adyghe theatre. Tus tij laug ntawm tom kawg, Sutan Krym-Giray, yog tus thawj coj ntawm pawg thawj coj ntawm pawg tub rog. Ob leeg raug tua nyob rau hauv 1918 los ntawm Bolsheviks.
Tam sim no, Jezzar Pamir Giray, uas nyob hauv London, npe hu ua Crimean Khan.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tsev neeg Girey hauv keeb kwm ntiaj teb
Rod Gireev tshuav ib qho cim pom hauv keeb kwm ntawm Crimea, thiab keeb kwm ntiaj teb feem ntau. Lub hav zoov ntawm Crimean Khanate, ib lub xeev uas ib zaug ua ib lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Eastern Europe, yog yuav luag inextricably txuas nrog lub npe ntawm no dynasty.
Gireev tseem nco txog tiam tam sim no ntawm Crimean Tatars, koom nrog tsev neeg no nrog lub sijhawm muaj koob meej hauv keeb kwm ntawm cov neeg. Nws tsis yog rau tsis muaj dab tsi uas lawv tau los nrog kev pib los hloov npe Kherson rau Khan-Girey.
