Muaj ntau yam kev kawm nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Lavxias Federation, suav nrog cov cheeb tsam, thaj chaw thiab cov koom pheej. Txhua tus ntawm lawv ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho lub teb chaws thiab muaj ntau tus yam ntxwv ntawm nws tus kheej. Tab sis muaj ib qho tseem ceeb. Qhov no yog Central Federal District, uas yog keeb kwm thiab kev lag luam tseem ceeb ntawm lub xeev tau ntau pua xyoo. Hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, peb yuav txiav txim siab txog kev lag luam hauv cheeb tsam, nws thaj chaw, kev nyiam thiab lwm yam.
cov ntaub ntawv dav dav
Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees Central ntawm Lavxias Federation yog thaj chaw ntawm lub tebchaws uas muaj neeg coob coob. Nws tau tsim nyob rau hauv 2000 los ntawm tsab cai ntawm Lavxias Thawj Tswj Hwm Vladimir Putin. Tsis muaj cov koom pheej nyob rau hauv lub okrug, nws suav nrog tsuas yog cheeb tsam thiab lub nroog peev ntawm Moscow. Nws tseem yog qhov chaw tswj hwm ntawm cheeb tsam thiab lub nroog loj tshaj plaws. Lub npe tsis yog los ntawm thaj chaw ntawm lub nroog, tab sis los ntawm nws cov haujlwm keeb kwm.
thaj chaw no ib txwm muaj kev lag luam loj tshaj plaws, kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev nom kev tswv. Cov tsev kawm ntawv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub tebchaws nyob hauv koog tsev kawm ntawv, cov txheej txheem kev thauj mus los zoo tshaj plaws tau tsim. Nyob rau hauv nws cov kev txwv yog kev vam meej: tsheb, instrumentation thiab lwm yam lag luam. Ntau tus neeg nyob hauv tebchaws Russia thiab lwm lub tebchaws tuaj mus ua haujlwm tas mus li hauv Central Federal District lossis Moscow yog lub nroog muaj koob npe tshaj plaws thiab pheej hmoo rau kev nyob thiab kev loj hlob.
geography
Cov cheeb tsam ntawm Central Federal District npog thaj tsam ntawm 650,200 square kilometers. Qhov no yog yuav luag 4% ntawm tag nrho cov cheeb tsam ntawm Russia. Central Federal District nyob rau sab hnub tuaj European Plain. Ntawm ciam teb, koog tsev kawm ntawv converges nrog Belarus thiab Ukraine.
Sib tov, deciduous hav zoov loj hlob hauv CFD. Ib feem ntawm thaj chaw yog nyob los ntawm steppes thiab hav zoov-steppes. Qee tus dej loj kuj ntws nyob rau ntawd: Volga, Don, Dnieper thiab Zapadnaya Dvina. Kev nyab xeeb yog nruab nrab. Qhov nruab nrab kub nyob rau lub caij ntuj no yog -15 degrees Celsius, nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov - +22 degrees.
Ntau cov zaub mov muaj ntau nyob hauv thaj chaw ntawm Central Federal District. Cov no suav nrog phosphorites, cement raw cov ntaub ntawv, granite, thee. Ze li ntawm 20% ntawm tag nrho cov kev tsheb ciav hlau Lavxias nyob hauv Central Federal District.
Pabneeg
39,209,580 tus neeg nyob hauv Central Federal District of Russia. Muaj 60 tus neeg ib square km. Qhov no yog ntau tshaj 25% ntawm tag nrho cov pejxeem ntawm lub tebchaws. Yuav luag ib nrab ntawm lawv nyob hauv lub peev ntawm Central Federal District. Moscow thiab cheeb tsam Moscow tau dhau los ua tsev rau ntau dua 17 lab pej xeem.
Qhov tseeb tseem ceeb yog qhov ntawdcov pejxeem tseem loj tuaj. Rau 7 xyoo dhau los, nws tus lej tau nce mus tas li. Txhua xyoo, 200-300 txhiab tus neeg tuaj txog ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Central Federal District. Kev yug me nyuam kuj nce. Txij xyoo 2002 los, tau muaj kev nce qib ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv lub tebchaws no.
Feem ntau ntawm cov pejxeem yog cov neeg Lavxias, lawv yuav luag 90% ntawm tag nrho cov pejxeem. Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw thib ob yog cov Ukrainians, nrog lawv feem ntawm tsuas yog 1%. Tom ntej no tuaj cov Armenians, Tatars thiab Azerbaijani nrog ib feem ntawm tsawg dua 1%. Ntawm cov lus, cov pab pawg neeg Slavic kuj predominates, uas yog, Lavxias teb sab lus. Nws feem ntau tshaj 92%.
kev lom zem
Pom qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Russia nyob rau thaj chaw ntawm Central Federal District.
Kolomensky Kremlin. Ib qhov chaw zoo nkauj tshaj plaws hauv lub tebchaws. Lub Kremlin tau tsim nyob nruab nrab ntawm 1525 thiab 1531 thiab tau ua haujlwm ua lub fortress impregnable rau lub xeev Muscovite tau ntau xyoo. Txog niaj hnub no, tsuas yog ib feem ntawm lub fortress, ob peb phab ntsa thiab 7 yees tau dim. Assumption Cathedral thiab ob peb lub tsev teev ntuj tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub Kremlin, uas tseem tsim nyog mus xyuas.
Smolensk fortress phab ntsa. Lub phab ntsa tau tsim los ntawm 1595 thiab 1602. Nws qhov ntev yog 6.5 km. Lub fortress Smolensk yog ib qho tseem ceeb tactical thaj chaw rau Russia. Txij li thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, nws tau tawm tsam los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab cov tub rog ntau zaus, yog li niaj hnub no tsuas yog ib feem ntawm lub fortifications nyob ntawm nws.
Khopyor nature reserve. Founded hauv 1935, lub ciam teb ua lub luag hauj lwm txiav txim siab los cawm tus Lavxias teb sab desman, uas nwscov pejxeem tau poob qis. Lub ciam teb yog ib qho ntawm cov nplua nuj tshaj plaws nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Europe. Muaj 400 lub pas dej ntawm nws thaj chaw, uas txhua lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav dej nyab mus txog 80% ntawm tag nrho cov cheeb tsam ntawm lub cia. Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Lag Luam rau Central Federal District tau saib xyuas tshwj xeeb rau kev txhim kho thaj chaw tiv thaiv xwm txheej no.
kev lag luam
Yuav luag 34% ntawm tag nrho cov khoom lag luam hauv cheeb tsam poob rau hauv Central Federal District. Nws tseem tsim nyog nkag mus rau 22% kev ua liaj ua teb thiab 26.5% cov khoom lag luam ntawm no.
Tag nrho cov feem ntawm CFD kev lag luam yog kwv yees li 20% ntawm tag nrho lub tebchaws. Lub cheeb tsam Chernozem, uas tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Russia, yog thawj zaug hauv kev tsim khoom, kev tshawb fawb thiab kev muaj peev xwm, mechanical engineering thiab lwm yam lag luam.
Lub Central Federal District kuj ua rau kev txhim kho kev noj qab haus huv, thaum piv nrog rau lwm lub hauv paus tsev kawm ntawv hauv lub tebchaws. Ntau tus kws tshaj lij los ntawm thaj chaw tsim khoom thiab kev npaj ua haujlwm nyob hauv nws thaj chaw.
CFD tsim ntau dua 22% ntawm lub teb chaws hluav taws xob tag nrho, 19% ntawm cov hlau ferrous. Ntau cov khoom siv mis nyuj kuj tseem tsim tawm ntawm no, txog li 30% ntawm tag nrho cov khob cij thiab cawv ntau (yuav luag ib nrab) raug xa tawm los ntawm no.
Kev Kawm thiab Kev Tshawb Fawb
Ntau tshaj 80% ntawm tag nrho cov kev tshawb fawb hauv tebchaws Russia tau ua nyob rau thaj chaw ntawm Central Federal District. Cov chaw soj ntsuam tshawb fawb thiab cov chaw nyob hauv cheeb tsam sawv cev yuav luag tag nrho cov peev txheej ntawm tag nrho lub xeev. Cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm thoob plaws lub tebchaws ya mus rau Moscow rautau txais nyiaj los tsim lawv cov haujlwm lossis pib ua haujlwm nrog lwm tus neeg muaj peev xwm.
Txoj kev kawm ntawm Central Federal District plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv qhov no. Yuav luag 40% ntawm cov tsev kawm qib siab nyob ntawm no, thiab ib feem peb ntawm tag nrho cov tub ntxhais kawm kawm hauv cheeb tsam no. Cov tsev kawm ntawv hauv Moscow thiab cheeb tsam Moscow yog qhov nrov heev ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas, vim nws ntseeg tau tias nws yog nyob rau hauv Moscow cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab uas koj tuaj yeem tau txais kev kawm tsim nyog nrog kev cia siab rau yav tom ntej thiab muaj peev xwm txhim kho ntxiv.
Innovation
Txog 25% ntawm tag nrho cov tswv yim tshiab thiab kev txhim kho yog yug hauv CFD. Qhov no yog kev txhawb nqa los ntawm cov chaw tshawb fawb thiab cov chaw ua si thev naus laus zis xws li Skolkovo. Cov tswv yim tshiab tau tsim los tas li ntawm lawv thaj chaw. Cov engineers ua haujlwm ntawm Skolkovo ua haujlwm rau cov haujlwm rau cov tuam txhab thoob ntiaj teb, tsim cov kev pabcuam hauv web thiab lwm yam khoom siv high-tech rau kev siv pej xeem thiab kev lag luam ntiag tug. Kev tawm tswv yim yeej ib txwm yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho. Cov kws tshaj lij los ntawm thoob plaws lub tebchaws tau niaj hnub sib qhia lawv cov kev paub dhau los, sib sau cov rooj sib tham thiab muab cov txuj ci tshiab rau Russia uas tau tsim txhua hnub los ntawm lub xeev uas yog me ntsis tom qab lwm tus hais txog kev siv tshuab. Ntau tus kawm tiav hauv Lavxias thiab txawv tebchaws niaj hnub no ua haujlwm hauv IT tuam txhab uas muag nyob hauv Central Federal District.
Transport system
Ib qho kev thauj mus los loj tshaj plaws thiab loj tshaj plaws ua haujlwm hauv Central Federal District. Los ntawm nwsThaj chaw yog txuas ntxiv los ntawm Trans-Siberian Railway. Ntawm cov hom tsheb siv nyob rau hauv Central Federal District, ib tug muaj peev xwm ib leeg tawm railway thauj, tsheb, aviation, dej, thiab underground (Moscow metro).
Qhov ntev ntawm txoj kev hauv cheeb tsam no xyoo 2010 yog 146,391 mais. 65 lub ntsiab railway kab hla dhau Central Federal District. Lub chaw thauj khoom Moscow tseem nyob ntawm no (los ntawm txoj kev, qhov loj tshaj plaws hauv Russia).
Raws li kev thauj huab cua, ntxiv rau qhov paub zoo Vnukovo thiab Sheremetyevo, muaj 29 lub tshav dav hlau ntxiv hauv Central Federal District. Lawv txhua tus ua haujlwm los ntawm Tsoom Fwv Saib Xyuas Kev Thauj Mus Los.
Lwm yam tseem ceeb ntawm kev thauj mus los hauv cheeb tsam no yog cov kav dej. Ntawm no yog cov kav dej ntev tshaj plaws hauv lub tebchaws. Piv txwv li, lub ntsiab roj pipeline Nizhny Novgorod - Ryazan. Nws ntev npaum li 230 kilometers.
