Keeb kwm ntawm Kievan Rus yog qhov nthuav thiab tshwj xeeb. Hauv particular, strata ntawm cov pej xeem nyob rau hauv nws tsis zoo li European sawv daws yuav. Hauv tsab xov xwm peb yuav teb cov lus nug: "Kev yuav khoom - nws yog leej twg?" Yog li, tag nrho cov pej xeem ntawm Ancient Russia tau muab faib ua ob pawg loj: cov neeg dawb thiab nyob ntawm tus neeg. Thawj qeb suav nrog cov neeg tseem ceeb hauv zej zog (princes, boyars), servicemen (combatants) thiab tub lag luam (tub lag luam). Cov qeb thib ob yog qhov nyuaj dua hauv nws cov qauv, thiab ob pawg kev sib raug zoo tuaj yeem sib txawv hauv nws: tus kheej los yog qhev. Cov no suav nrog cov serfs, uas, tsis zoo li yav dhau los, tsis yog classical, tab sis patriarchal qhev, thiab cov neeg uas nyob ntawm kev lag luam yog zakupy thiab ryadovichi, nrog rau smerds.
Code of laws "Russian Truth"
Ob pawg ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv kev lag luam tau piav qhia los ntawm ib qho, tab sis tseem ceeb heev hauv keeb kwm - Russkaya Pravda. Nws yog ib tug complex ntawm ancient cai ntawm kev sau ntawv txoj cai, uas coj zoo li ob peb centuries, pib los ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th. Nws kuj muaj cov lus teb rau lo lus nug: "Kev yuav khoom - qhov no yog leej twg?" Yaroslav the Wise yog thawj tus sau cov cai no thaum nws yog ib tug tub huabtais ntawm Novgorod. Tom qab ntawd nws ntxiv tom qab txoj haujlwm ntawm Grand Duke lub rooj hauv Kyiv. Ces nws cov me nyuam, princesYaroslavichi, thiab tub xeeb ntxwv, Vladimir Monomakh, pab txhawb rau Russkaya Pravda.
Cov txheej txheem ntxaws ntxaws tswj txoj haujlwm ntawm kev yuav khoom, kom tsawg dua - ryadovichi. Nws kuj txiav txim siab tias qhov kev yuav khoom yog ib pawg nyob ntawm cov pej xeem. Hauv kev sib raug zoo ntawm ob qho tib si, muaj ob qho tib si thiab qhov sib txawv.
Txoj haujlwm ntawm qeb thiab cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev yuav khoom
Qhov feem ntau yog qhov kev cia siab ntawm kev yuav khoom thiab qib thiab cov ntaub ntawv muaj kev lag luam. Ib tug dawb txiv neej, los yog ib tug lyudin (nyob rau hauv lub terminology ntawm lub sij hawm), yuav ua tau ib tug ryadovich yog hais tias nws nkag mus rau hauv ib tug kev pom zoo - ib tug kab, thiab ib tug purchase - yog hais tias nws coj ib tug kupa, uas yog, ib tug nuj nqis. Qhov no instantly devalued lub neej ntawm cov neeg nyob. Yog hais tias raug nplua ntawm 40 hryvnia tau tso siab rau kev tua ib tug neeg nyob rau hauv Ancient Russia, ces lub neej ntawm buyer thiab ib tug ryadovich yog sib npaug rau lub neej ntawm ib tug serf thiab ib tug serf thiab npaum li cas rau 5 hryvnia xwb. Nws yog qhov loj ntawm qhov nplua uas zoo tshaj plaws qhia txog kev vam khom thiab tsis muaj cai ntawm cov pawg ntawm cov pejxeem. Tau kawg, kev yuav khoom raug kev txom nyem ntau dua. Txhais tau tias lawv yog cov neeg vam khom pom tias muaj peev xwm raug muag mus ua qhev thiab lwm yam.
Qhov txawv ntawm kev yuav khoom thiab Ryadovichi
Muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm kev yuav khoom thiab Ryadovichi. Ryadovich xaus ib daim ntawv cog lus, ib tug series, rau ib tug tej lub sij hawm, thiab, raws li Russkaya Pravda hais, nyob rau hauv tsis muaj ib yam dab tsi yuav nws raug muag mus ua qhev, uas yog, ua tus kheej nyob rau hauv..
Qhov xwm txheej nyuaj dua nrog kev yuav khoom. Tom qab noj kupa, tus neeg no yuav tsum tau ua nws tawm hauv nws tsev neeg ntawm nws tus tswv. Feem ntau yuav khoomsiv rau hauv kev ua liaj ua teb lossis kev tu tsiaj txhu. Tus tswv tso cai rau lawv siv nws cov cuab yeej thiab cov khoom muag, tab sis yog tias qhov kev yuav khoom ua rau nws poob, nws ris lub luag haujlwm. Yog hais tias nws ua phem los yog nyiag lwm tus lub cuab tam, ces lub luag hauj lwm twb muab rau tus tswv. Nov yog lwm qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev yuav khoom, hais txog qhov tsis muaj cai ntawm pawg neeg no.
Tab sis, tsis zoo li Ryadovich, kev yuav khoom tuaj yeem raug ua qhev, uas yog, ua qhev. Qhov no tsuas yog tso cai nyob rau hauv ob kis:
- yog tias kev yuav khoom nyiag ib yam ntawm sab;
- yog tias nws khiav tawm ntawm nws tus tswv, thiab yog li ntawd nws tsis kam rov qab cov nuj nqis-kupa.
Yog tus tswv sim hais lus thuam kev yuav khoom yam tsis muaj kev cai lij choj txaus, nws tuaj yeem tau txais kev tiv thaiv hauv tsev hais plaub.
Kev tiv thaiv kev cai lij choj ntawm kev yuav khoom, tsis zoo li Ryadovich, tau sau tawm hauv qee qhov kev nthuav dav hauv Russkaya Pravda. Tshwj xeeb:
- zakupa muag tsis tau ua qhev;
- nws tsis tuaj yeem nqa nws cov khoom ntawm nws;
- yuav tsis muaj peev xwm muab cov kupa muab rau nws mus;
- yuav txwv tsis pub xauj rau leej twg;
- nws yuav tsum tsis txhob raug tsim txom vim tsis muaj laj thawj.
Qhov ntawd yog, kev yuav khoom, txawm tias yog tus neeg nyob hauv, tab sis muaj txoj haujlwm tau hais meej meej hauv zej zog.
Kev tiv thaiv kev yuav khoom
Yog tias muaj ib txoj cai raug ua txhaum cai, nws tuaj yeem khiav mus rau lub rooj txiav txim plaub ntug thiab tshaj tawm tias tsis ua raws li txoj cai. Txoj cai ruaj ntseg no yogLub tsev hais plaub princely tau hais tias ib tug zakup yog ib tug qub neeg dawb uas, tau ua hauj lwm tawm ib tug kupa, muaj lub cib fim kom rov qab tau nws yav tas los social status. Nws kuj tau txais txoj cai los ua pov thawj hauv tsev hais plaub ntawm qhov hu ua qhov kev thov me me, uas yog, tsis yog qhov teeb meem loj heev. Tsis muaj lwm pawg ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv yuav ua tau qhov no.
