Systematic nomenclature tso cai rau koj sau npe cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov chav sib txawv ntawm cov organic tebchaw. Nyob ntawm kev koom nrog qee pawg ntawm cov tshuaj, muaj qee qhov nuances hauv cov npe uas yuav tsum tau hais. Wb tham txog yuav ua li cas cov txheej txheem nomenclature siv rau hydrocarbons ntawm ntau yam qauv, nrog rau cov tebchaw uas muaj oxygen.
Kev faib tawm ntawm cov organic tebchaw
Raws li hom carbon saw, nws yog ib txwm ua rau subdivide organic tshuaj rau hauv cyclic thiab acyclic; saturated thiab unsaturated, heterocyclic thiab carbocyclic. Acyclic tshuaj yog cov khoom uas tsis muaj lub voj voog hauv lawv cov qauv. Cov pa roj carbon atoms nyob rau hauv cov tebchaw no yog teem rau hauv series, tsim ncaj los yog branched qhib chains.
Iolate saturated hydrocarbons uas muaj cov pa roj carbon ib leeg, nrog rau cov sib txuas nrog ntau yam (ob npaug, triple) daim ntawv cog lus.
Alkanes nomenclature
Systematic nomenclature txhais tau hais tias kev siv qee qhov algorithm ntawm kev ua. Kev ua raws li cov cai tso cai tsis muaj qhov yuam kevmuab cov npe rau saturated hydrocarbons. Yog tias koj xav tau ib txoj haujlwm: "Npe cov lus thov hydrocarbon raws li lub npe hu ua systematic nomenclature", koj yuav tsum xub xyuas kom meej tias nws yog cov chav kawm ntawm alkanes. Tom ntej no, koj yuav tsum nrhiav cov saw ntev tshaj plaws hauv cov qauv.
Thaum suav cov pa roj carbon atom, qhov sib thooj ntawm cov radicals mus rau qhov pib ntawm cov saw hlau, lawv tus lej, thiab lub npe raug suav nrog. Systematic nomenclature suav nrog kev siv cov prefixes ntxiv uas qhia cov naj npawb ntawm cov radicals zoo ib yam. Lawv txoj hauj lwm yog qhia los ntawm cov lej, qhov ntau yog txiav txim siab, ces cov radicals raug hu ua. Nyob rau theem kawg, cov kab txuas ntev carbon yog muaj npe los ntawm kev ntxiv cov lus -an. Piv txwv li, cov hydrocarbon CH3-CH2-CH(CH)-CH2-CH3 raws li lub npe systematic nomenclature hu ua 3-methylpentane.
Alken nomenclature
Cov tshuaj no raws li lub npe hu ua systematic nomenclature yog hu ua nrog rau qhov yuav tsum tau qhia ntawm txoj hauj lwm ntawm ntau yam (ob npaug) daim ntawv cog lus. Nyob rau hauv cov organic chemistry, muaj ib co algorithm ntawm kev ua uas pab rau npe alkenes. Yuav pib nrog, nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim carbon saw, qhov ntev tshaj plaws fragment yog txiav txim, uas muaj xws li ib tug ob peb daim ntawv cog lus. Cov naj npawb ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide nyob rau hauv cov saw hlau yog nqa tawm los ntawm sab uas muaj ntau daim ntawv cog lus nyob ze rau qhov pib. Yog tias txoj haujlwm tau npaj tseg: "Npe cov tshuaj raws li lub npe hu ua systematic", koj yuav tsum txiav txim siab txog qhov muaj hydrocarbon radicals hauv cov qauv npaj.
Yog tias lawv tsis tuaj, npe cov saw nws tus kheej, ntxiv cov lus txuas ntxiv -en, qhia txog txoj haujlwm ntawm ob daim ntawv cog lus nrog tus lej. RauCov neeg sawv cev ntawm unsaturated alkenes, uas muaj radicals, nws yog tsim nyog los qhia lawv txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov zauv, ntxiv prefixes qhia tus naj npawb, thiab tsuas yog tom qab ntawd mus rau lub npe ntawm cov hydrocarbon saw nws tus kheej.
Raws li piv txwv, cia peb lub npe ntawm cov qauv hauv qab no: CH2=CH-CH (CH3)-CH2-CH3. Muab hais tias cov molecule muaj ob daim ntawv cog lus, hydrocarbon radical, nws lub npe yuav raws li nram no: 3-methylpunten-1.
Diene hydrocarbons
Lub npe ntawm cov chav kawm no ntawm unsaturated hydrocarbons yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qee qhov tshwj xeeb. Cov molecules ntawm diene tebchaw yog characterized los ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm ob ob daim ntawv cog lus, yog li txoj hauj lwm ntawm txhua tus ntawm lawv yog qhia nyob rau hauv lub npe. Cia peb muab piv txwv txog kev sib txuas ntawm chav kawm no, muab nws lub npe.
CH2=CH-CH=CH2 (butadiene -1, 3).
Yog tias muaj cov radicals (cov khoom nquag) hauv cov molecule, ces lawv txoj hauj lwm yog qhia los ntawm cov lej, suav cov atoms hauv cov saw tseem ceeb los ntawm sab uas ze tshaj rau nws qhov pib. Yog hais tias muaj ob peb hydrocarbon atoms nyob rau hauv lub molecule ib zaug, cov prefixes di-, tri-, tetra- yog siv thaum teev.
Zoo kawg
Nrog kev pab los ntawm cov txheej txheem nomenclature, nws muaj peev xwm sau npe cov neeg sawv cev ntawm txhua chav kawm ntawm cov organic tebchaw. Ib qho kev ua haujlwm dav dav ntawm kev ua tau raug tsim los uas tso cai rau npe cov qauv ntawm cov saturated thiab unsaturated hydrocarbons. Rau carboxylic acids, uas muaj ib pab pawg neeg ua haujlwm carboxyl, tus lej ntawm lub ntsiabcov saw yog nqa tawm ntawm nws.
