Cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb: hom, txoj hauv kev tau txais thiab siv

Cov txheej txheem:

Cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb: hom, txoj hauv kev tau txais thiab siv
Cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb: hom, txoj hauv kev tau txais thiab siv
Anonim

Nyob hauv kab lus peb yuav tham txog cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb. Peb yuav pom tias nws zoo li cas, qhov chaw ntawm nws daim ntawv txais nyiaj yog dab tsi thiab nws tau sau thiab txheeb xyuas li cas. Thiab kuj tau paub txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb.

Qhov no yog dab tsi?

Cia pib ncaj qha nrog lub ntsiab lus. Hauv cov ntaub ntawv niaj hnub no, muaj ntau ntau ntau yam kev txhais lus ntawm cov lus qhia, uas tsuas yog ib feem cuam tshuam txog kev txhais lus dav dav. Xav txog cov ntsiab lus txhais.

Yog li, cov ntaub ntawv yog qee cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lub ntiaj teb nyob ib puag ncig peb thiab cov txheej txheem uas tshwm sim hauv nws. Lawv tuaj yeem pom los ntawm ib tus neeg lossis cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb. Tsis tas li ntawd, los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, ntau cov lus tau txais uas qhia ib tus neeg txog ib yam dab tsi. Tab sis tib lub sijhawm, ib tus yuav tsum nkag siab tias cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm kev kawm ntawm ntau yam kev tshawb fawb. Piv txwv li, cov ntaub ntawv kev tshawb xav, cybernetics, semiotics, thiab txoj kev xav ntawm kev sib txuas lus nrog cov teeb meem no. Hauv computer science, lo lus "cov ntaub ntawv" feem ntau yog siv, uas yog hais txog qee cov ntaub ntawv hais txog peb lub ntiaj teb uas yuav tsum tau khaws cia, hloov pauv, xa tawm thiab siv.

electronic Library elibrary
electronic Library elibrary

Nyob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb

Muaj ntau hom ntaub ntawv yooj yim, uas tau muab cais raws li txoj hauv kev ntawm nws cov zaub, encryption lossis cia. Xav txog cov tseem ceeb:

  • nraaj - qhov no yog cov ntaub ntawv uas tau muab xa mus rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm qee cov tswv yim ntawm cov pob zeb, thiab tom qab ntawd hloov mus rau hauv canvases, kos duab, duab. Qhov kev pom no txhais tau hais tias tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov ntaub ntawv tau tshwm sim hauv daim duab duab.
  • Sound - qhov no yog cov ntaub ntawv xa los yog khaws cia siv cov khoom kaw suab. Nws hom cais yog cov ntaub ntawv suab paj nruag, uas tso cai rau koj los encode cov ntaub ntawv siv qee cov cim, uas ua tau zoo sib npaug ntawm kev ua haujlwm nrog cov ntaub ntawv suab thiab cov ntaub ntawv nraaj.
  • Text, uas siv txoj kev coding uas muaj tib neeg hais lus. Peb ua haujlwm nrog cov ntawv thiab ntau pawg cim los cuam tshuam qhov peb xav hais. Cov ntaub ntawv no tau txais kev txhim kho siab tshaj plaws tom qab muaj peev xwm luam ntawv cov phau ntawv tau tsim thiab daim ntawv tshwm sim.
  • Ntaus yog cov ntaub ntawv niaj hnub uas ntsuas txhua yam thiab nthuav tawm hauv daim ntawv ntawm tus lej. Nws tau mus txog nws qhov siab tshaj plaws thaum lub sijhawm tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam kev sib raug zoo, nyiaj txiag thiab kev lag luam. Ib yam li rau cov ntaub ntawv cov ntaub ntawv, tshwj xeeb encoding txoj kev yuav tsum tau ntawm no. Cov cim ua haujlwm yog tus lej.
  • Video yog ib txoj hauv kev khaws cov ntaub ntawv uas siv qee yam xov xwm. Lub peculiarity ntawm txoj kev yog tias nws tso cai khozoo li cov duab nyob.

Lwm hom

Tseem muaj lwm hom tsiaj uas tib neeg tseem tsis tuaj yeem nkag los lossis khaws cia rau hauv ib txoj kev. Cov no suav nrog cov ntaub ntawv tactile, uas tsuas yog kis tau los ntawm kev hnov lus, tab sis uas tsis tuaj yeem raug encoded thiab xa mus rau lwm tus hauv nws daim ntawv qub. Kuj tseem muaj cov ntaub ntawv organoleptic. Nws nyob ntawm qhov tseeb tias peb tuaj yeem xa qee cov lus nrog kev pab ntawm tsw thiab saj.

Tsis tas li, cov khoom siv teeb tau siv los xa cov ntaub ntawv hla qee qhov deb. Lub teeb pom kev zoo tso cai rau cov tub rog xa cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb mus rau lwm qhov chaw. Tom qab kev tsim hluav taws xob, teeb liab kis tau los ntawm cov xov hlau. Qhov no ua rau kev sib txuas lus zoo heev. Tom qab ntawd, cov xov tooj cua tau siv.

Science Center
Science Center

Leej twg sawv ntawm lub hauv paus?

Nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb kev tshawb fawb, nws ntseeg tias tus sau cov kev xav txog kev sib txuas lus thiab cov ntaub ntawv yog Claude Shannon. Phau ntawv uas nws sau nyob rau hauv 1948 coj nws muaj koob meej thiab koob meej. Nws yog hu ua "Mathematical Theory of Connections". Hauv nws txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb, tus kws tshawb fawb yog ib tus thawj coj los qhia qhov kev xav uas peb tuaj yeem siv binary code txhawm rau xa cov ntaub ntawv.

Nws cov kev xav tau txhawb nqa tom qab lub ntsej muag ntawm lub khoos phis tawj, vim tias lawv yog cov txhais tau tias tso cai rau nws ua cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm. Tab sis ntau tom qab, thaum cov khoos phis tawj tau nthuav dav thiab ua rau tag nrho lub ntiaj teb, lawv pib siv tsis yog rau kev ua, tab sis kuj rau kev khaws cia,txav, nrhiav txhua hom ntaub ntawv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, daim kab xev, sib nqus disks, laser disks, flash nco tau pib siv rau kev nyab xeeb. Lawm, cov txheej txheem no tau maj mam zuj zus, thiab niaj hnub no peb yuav luag tsis siv cov ntawv teev npe. Lawv tau hloov los ntawm daim npav nco capacious uas tuaj yeem khaws cov ntaub ntawv terabytes.

qhov chaw ntawm cov ntaub ntawv scientific
qhov chaw ntawm cov ntaub ntawv scientific

Ntawm cov ntaub ntawv niaj hnub

Cov ntaub ntawv ua haujlwm, uas muaj nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb tias nws yog rov tsim dua, hloov dua siab tshiab, xa thiab kaw, raug xa mus rau lub khoos phis tawj processor. Peb tau kov ntawm qhov teeb meem no vim tias niaj hnub no technology tau nce mus rau hauv cov kauj ruam loj, thiab txhawm rau taug qab cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm ntawm kev tshawb fawb, ib tus yuav tsum tig mus rau lub hauv paus chiv keeb. Los ntawm txoj kev, tsis ntev los no cov kws tshawb fawb tuaj txog qhov xaus tias nws yog qhov tsim nyog los cais cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm Lub Vev Xaib mus rau hauv ib qho subspecies. Tseeb tiag, qhov ntim thiab lub peev xwm uas tsis tuaj yeem xav tau yog siv rau nws qhov kev ua haujlwm thiab kev txav mus los.

khoom

Cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb yog cov neeg nqa khoom uas muaj qee cov ntaub ntawv. Cov peev txheej tseem ceeb suav nrog cov ntawv tshaj tawm, cov ntawv sau, cov ntawv ceeb toom ntawm txhua qhov kev tshawb fawb ua haujlwm, tsim tsim, kev txhais lus, tshuaj xyuas thiab cov ntaub ntawv tshuaj xyuas. Tag nrho cov saum toj no yog cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj, uas tau muab faib ua thawj thiab theem nrab.

Cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb suav nrog cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj cov ntaub ntawv yooj yim uas qhia ncaj qha rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb. Cov ntaub ntawv thib ob qhia li cascov ntaub ntawv tau txais los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb tau raug tshuaj xyuas, qhov kev sib txuas lus tau pom zoo li cas, thiab lwm yam. Cov ntaub ntawv thib ob tsuas yog ua ob txoj haujlwm xwb. Lawv tso cai rau koj kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv sai sai txog cov txheej txheem lossis kev tshwm sim, thiab tseem tso cai rau koj los kawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv daim ntawv compressed.

kev ua cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb
kev ua cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb

Kev faib cov peev txheej

hom ntsiab ntawm qhov chaw:

  • Ib phau ntawv yog ib phau ntawv luam uas muaj kev xav txog tag nrho cov txheej txheem lossis qhov tshwm sim. Feem ntau sau los ntawm ib pab neeg sau ntawv.
  • Abstract yog ib daim ntawv qhia uas muaj cov kev xav tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Kuj tseem muaj cov lus qhia txog kev paub daws teeb meem, uas yog cov ntsiab lus thesis ntawm cov ntawv pov thawj uas tau sau rau qib.
  • A preprint yog ib qho haujlwm uas muaj qee cov ntaub ntawv tseem tsis tau luam tawm tab sis yuav sai sai no yuav luam tawm rau pej xeem.
  • A Proceedings Collection yog ib phau uas muaj cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb tau ua nyob rau hauv ib lub ntsiab lus.
  • Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub rooj sib tham ntawm lub rooj sib tham yog cov khoom tsis yog ib ntus uas muaj cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tshawb fawb tshwj xeeb.
  • Cov ntsiab lus yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm ib qho teeb meem tshwj xeeb, uas muaj cov ntaub ntawv tseem tsis tau luam tawm.
  • Cov ntawv tshaj tawm kev tshawb fawb nrov yog ib qho kev tshaj tawm uas muaj ntau cov lus nug txog kev sim thiab theoretical nthuav tawm hauv daim ntawv nkag mus rau cov neeg nyeem nruab nrab. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm ib phau ntawm tej hauj lwm zoo li noyog ib lub tsev qiv ntawv hluav taws xob ELibrary. Ntawm no txhua tus tuaj yeem nrhiav tau cov lus teb rau txhua lo lus nug ntawm kev txaus siab, tsim nyog los ntawm kev tshawb fawb pom. Lub tsev qiv ntawv hluav taws xob ELibrary tso cai rau ib tus neeg nkag mus rau hauv lub ntiaj teb kev tshawb fawb thiab nkag siab txog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thiab cov tswv yim yam tsis nkag mus tob.
cov ntaub ntawv scientific thiab technical
cov ntaub ntawv scientific thiab technical

Kev faib tawm

Xav txog ntau yam kev faib tawm uas tso cai rau peb txheeb cov ntaub ntawv. Nco ntsoov tias typology tseem ceeb thaum sau cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb, vim tias tsis muaj nws, kev ntxhov siab yuav tshwm sim.

Yog li, faib los ntawm lub hom phiaj:

  • Maj. Nov yog cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj cov ntaub ntawv zoo tib yam, tab sis tseem ceeb rau cov pej xeem. Nws ua haujlwm nrog cov lus yooj yim thiab cov ntsiab lus yooj yim uas nkag siab los ntawm feem ntau.
  • Special. Nws nyob rau hauv ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nkag tsis tau rau ntau tus neeg. Tab sis cov ntaub ntawv no yog npaj rau lub voj voog nqaim ntawm cov kws tshaj lij.
  • Secret. Cov chaw loj loj ua haujlwm rau kev khaws cia thiab xa cov ntaub ntawv. Cov ntaub ntawv no tsuas yog xa mus rau qee tus neeg tsawg dhau los ntawm kev nyab xeeb tag nrho. Cov chaw tshawb fawb tshwj xeeb ua kom muaj kev zais ua tiav thiab nkag tsis tau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no rau cov pej xeem.
  • Tus kheej, lossis tus kheej, cov ntaub ntawv yog cov ntaub ntawv hais txog tus neeg tshwj xeeb uas yog tus kheej.

Analysis

Kev tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb tshwm sim tom qab tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv tau raug sau thiab ua tiav. Tom qab kev tshuaj xyuas, cov ntaub ntawv raug faib raws li cov hauv qab no:

  • Txoj Cai. Qhov no yogcov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau lub sijhawm tam sim no.
  • Txhim khu kev qha. Cov ntaub ntawv uas tau los ntawm lub hom phiaj txoj hauv kev thiab tsis muaj qee qhov kev cuam tshuam.
  • Kev nkag siab. Nov yog cov ntaub ntawv uas raug xa mus ua lus coding uas nkag siab tau rau tus neeg nyob.
  • Pab. Cov ntaub ntawv no, uas tau nthuav tawm tag nrho, tuaj yeem siv los txiav txim siab thoob ntiaj teb.
  • Useful. Qib ntawm kev muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm qee cov ntaub ntawv yog txiav txim siab los ntawm cov ncauj lus tshwj xeeb uas tau txais thiab siv rau nws lub hom phiaj.

Tseem nco ntsoov tias kev ua cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb tsis tuaj yeem ua tsis tau yam tsis muaj kev faib tawm mus rau qhov tsis tseeb thiab qhov tseeb. Yog li, nyob rau theem ntawm kev cais cov ntaub ntawv tsis tseeb los ntawm qhov tseeb, ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb ntxiv tau ua tiav. Qhov no tseem ceeb heev, vim tias yog tias koj ua yuam kev, qhov kawg ntawm kev tshawb fawb yuav raug cuam tshuam.

tshawb nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb
tshawb nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb

Kev tshawb fawb thiab kev paub

Nws muaj cov ntaub ntawv uas siv rau kev tshawb fawb thiab kev ua haujlwm. Hauv lwm lo lus, nws yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev txhim kho kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis. Nws qhov tseem ceeb hauv ntiaj teb yog qhov loj heev, vim qhov tsis txaus ua rau muaj ntau yam kev tshawb fawb tau muab luam tawm. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias cov kws tshawb fawb siv sijhawm ntau dhau los nrhiav cov qauv thiab cov yam ntxwv uas yav dhau los tau tshawb nrhiav thiab kawm los ntawm lwm cov kws tshawb fawb. Nco ntsoov tias tus naj npawb ntawm cov kev sim rov ua dua hauv qee qhov chaw nce mus txog 65%. Ntxiv rau qhov nkim sij hawm los kuj yog nkim nyiaj ntau txhiab daus las txhua xyoo.

Nyob hauv peb lub tebchawsCov ntaub ntawv xov xwm ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis yog tsim los ntawm Lub Xeev Pawg Saib Xyuas Kev Siv Tshuab thiab Kev Tshawb Fawb, uas tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1960. Cov txheej txheem no suav nrog ntau lub koom haum tshwj xeeb thiab cov kev pabcuam uas nquag ua haujlwm.

Kev ua haujlwm

Kev ua cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb feem ntau yog nyeem cov peev txheej uas peb tau tham saum toj no. Phau ntawv, monographs, cov ntawv tshawb fawb - tag nrho cov no tso cai rau peb kom paub cov ntaub ntawv xav tau. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum tsom mus rau hom ntawv ntawm phau ntawv thiab nws cov ntsiab lus. Tsis tas li ntawd, ua ntej kawm, koj yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo mloog cov lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus kom paub meej koj tus kheej thiab nkag siab txog cov qauv ntawm phau ntawv. Qhov no yuav ua rau koj nkag siab tus sau thiab piav qhia luv luv txog cov teeb meem uas nws yuav tshawb.

sau cov ntaub ntawv scientific
sau cov ntaub ntawv scientific

Nyeem

Thaum kawm tsis yog ntawv tseeb, nws tsim nyog nco ntsoov tias muaj ntau hom kev nyeem ntawv, qhov kev xaiv yog nyob ntawm thawj lub hom phiaj ntawm koj qhov kev tshawb fawb. List:

  • Kev nyeem ntawv qhia, uas yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov lus qhia thiab ib feem ntawm kev paub txog cov khoom siv thiab tsim nyog txhawm rau txhawm rau tsom mus rau qhov kev xav, lub tswv yim thiab cov lus tshaj tawm.
  • Kev nyeem nrawm, uas yuav tsum tau kawm cais nrog tus kws tshaj lij, tso cai rau koj los kawm tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv ib zaug, tab sis ua sai sai, thaum nkag siab txhua nqe lus.
  • Kev nyeem ntawv feem ntau siv los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb thaum kawm cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb.

subspecies

Kev ntsuas kev nyeem ntawv muaj ntau yam subtypes:

  • Kev kho. Nwsyog tias tag nrho cov ntawv nyeem tau kawm, nrog rau kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb rau kev siv thiab cov lus hauv qab.
  • Kev piav qhia. Nws nyob ntawm qhov tseeb tias cov ntaub ntawv tsis nkag siab tau qhia meej nrog kev pab los ntawm cov phau ntawv siv lossis cov kws pab tswv yim uas tso cai rau koj nkag siab tag nrho cov ntsiab lus nyuaj.
  • Critical. Nws lub ntsiab yog tias peb tsis yog kawm cov ntaub ntawv xwb, tab sis sim tshuaj xyuas nws, tshawb nrhiav qhov chaw, sib piv peb txoj haujlwm thiab kev xav ntawm tus sau.
  • Creative. Nws yog raws li qhov tseeb tias thaum koj nyeem, koj tsim koj tus kheej qhov kev pom ntawm qhov teeb meem, sim tsim qhov qub rau qhov teeb meem.

Summarizing, peb nco ntsoov tias cov ntaub ntawv yuav txawv heev. Ua tib zoo kawm nws thiab tiv tauj cov chaw tshawb fawb yog tias tsim nyog.

Pom zoo: