Thaj chaw, pej xeem thiab tag nrho thaj chaw ntawm Switzerland. Switzerland: piav qhia thiab keeb kwm

Cov txheej txheem:

Thaj chaw, pej xeem thiab tag nrho thaj chaw ntawm Switzerland. Switzerland: piav qhia thiab keeb kwm
Thaj chaw, pej xeem thiab tag nrho thaj chaw ntawm Switzerland. Switzerland: piav qhia thiab keeb kwm
Anonim

Thaj chaw ntawm Switzerland yog me me txawm tias los ntawm European qauv. Txawm li cas los xij, lub tebchaws me me no ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv ntiaj teb cov txheej txheem. Cov qauv kev nom kev tswv thiab txoj cai txawv teb chaws ntawm lub xeev no, uas tau muab kev ruaj ntseg tsis tau muaj dua los rau ntau tshaj li ib puas thiab tsib caug xyoo, tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog qhov tshwj xeeb. Cia peb kawm keeb kwm luv luv, tshawb xyuas thaj chaw thiab cov pej xeem ntawm Switzerland, nrog rau qee qhov kev cuam tshuam nrog lub teb chaws no.

thaj tsam swiss
thaj tsam swiss

thaj chaw ntawm Switzerland

Ua ntej txiav txim siab thaj tsam ntawm Switzerland, nrog rau qee cov lus nug, cia peb nrhiav seb lub xeev no nyob qhov twg.

Switzerland nyob rau hauv plawv ntawm Western Europe, nyob rau hauv ib lub roob hu ua Alps. Nws ciam teb rau Austria thiab Liechtenstein rau sab hnub tuaj, Ltalis mus rau sab qab teb, Fabkis mus rau sab hnub poob, thiab lub teb chaws Yelemees mus rau sab qaum teb.

thaj tsam swiss
thaj tsam swiss

Qhov feem ntau ntawm Switzerland yog roob. Nyob rau sab hnub poob ntawm lub tebchaws muaj lub pas dej loj heev hauv Geneva.

Lub peev ntawm Switzerland yog lub nroog Bern.

History ua ntej ywj pheejxeev

Tam sim no cia peb saib sai ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Switzerland. Kev nyob hauv cov chaw no tau paub txij li lub sijhawm Paleolithic. Thaum lub sijhawm Neolithic, muaj ib lub zej zog kev coj noj coj ua uas tsim lawv lub tsev rau ntawm stilts.

Nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, lub roob ntawm lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv sab hnub tuaj yog inhabited los ntawm cov Retes pab pawg neeg, uas tau suav hais tias muaj feem xyuam rau cov Italian Etruscans. Nws yog los ntawm cov neeg sawv cev Romanized ntawm pawg neeg no uas yog ib pawg neeg niaj hnub ntawm Switzerland, Romansh, originated.

Kuj pib los ntawm XIII xyoo pua BC. e., Celtic haiv neeg pib nkag mus rau ntawm no. Ua ntej Roman conquest, sab hnub poob ntawm niaj hnub Switzerland tau nyob los ntawm Celtic-hais lus pab pawg neeg ntawm Helvetii thiab Allobroges, thiab sab hnub tuaj los ntawm Vindeliki.

In 58 B. C. e. Lub Helvetii thiab Allobroges tau kov yeej los ntawm Roman tus thawj coj loj Julius Caesar, thiab tom qab nws tuag hauv Octavian Augustus hauv 15-13 BC. e. rheta thiab vindeliki kov yeej.

Cov cheeb tsam uas raug ntes tau yog li muab tso rau hauv lub tebchaws Roman. Thaj chaw ntawm Switzerland niaj hnub no tau muab faib nruab nrab ntawm cov xeev - Rezia thiab Germania Superior, thiab ib cheeb tsam me me ze ntawm Geneva yog ib feem ntawm Narbonne Gaul. Tom qab ntawd, lwm lub xeev, Vindelicia, raug cais tawm ntawm Rhetia nyob rau sab qaum teb. Lub cheeb tsam pib maj mam romanize, tseem ceeb Roman vaj tse, txoj kev, lub zos tau tsim nyob rau ntawm no, thaum lub hwj chim ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman poob qis, Christianity pib nkag mus rau ntawm no.

Tam sim no hauv 264 AD, thaj chaw ntawm niaj hnub sab hnub poob Switzerland tau cuam tshuam los ntawm pawg neeg German ntawm Alemans. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 5, lawv thaum kawg ntes tau sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub tebchaws. Nyob rau hauv 470 sab hnub poob ntawm Switzerlandtau los ua ib feem ntawm lub nceeg vaj ntawm lwm haiv neeg German - cov Burgundians, txawm li cas los xij, yog cov ntseeg. Yog hais tias Alemanni tau rhuav tshem tag nrho cov cim ntawm Romanization ntawm lawv thaj chaw, tshem tawm, tshem tawm thiab ua kom cov pej xeem hauv zos, Burgundians, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, ua rau cov neeg hauv zos muaj kev ncaj ncees, uas ua rau muaj feem ntau ntawm cov neeg Romanesque hauv thaj av raug rau lawv.. Qhov kev faib no tseem cuam tshuam rau lub sijhawm niaj hnub no: cov neeg hais lus Fabkis sab hnub poob ntawm Switzerland feem ntau yog cov xeeb ntxwv ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv lub tebchaws Roman lub sijhawm, thiab cov neeg hais lus German sab hnub tuaj yog cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm Alemans.

Dhau li ntawd, twb tom qab lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm Roman faj tim teb chaws nyob rau hauv 478, sab qab teb ntawm Switzerland tau poob zuj zus raws li kev tswj hwm ntawm Germanic kingdoms ntawm lub Ostrogoths thiab Lombards, uas nws qhov chaw yog nyob rau hauv ltalis. Tab sis cov Ostrogoths kuj tsis yuam Germanize cov pej xeem, yog li ntawd Romansh thiab Italians tam sim no nyob rau hauv ib feem ntawm lub teb chaws.

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias kev faib ntuj tsim ntawm Switzerland los ntawm Alps mus rau hauv cov cheeb tsam uas nyob ib puag ncig tiv thaiv kev sib xyaw ntawm cov haiv neeg saum toj no thiab kev tawm tsam tub rog.

thaj tsam ntawm Switzerland yog
thaj tsam ntawm Switzerland yog

Nyob rau xyoo pua VIII, tag nrho cheeb tsam ntawm Switzerland tau rov koom ua ke nyob rau hauv lub xeev Frankish. Tab sis twb nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 9th nws poob sib nrug. Switzerland tau muab faib ua ob peb lub xeev: Upper Burgundy, Ltalis thiab lub teb chaws Yelemees. Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XI, tus huab tais German tswj kom tsim lub Vaj Ntsuj Roman faj tim teb chaws, uas suav nrog tag nrho cov cheeb tsam ntawm Switzerland. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis ntev lub zog imperial tsis muaj zog, thiab tiag tiagCov av no tau pib tswj hwm los ntawm cov thawj coj hauv zos los ntawm cov tsev neeg ntawm Tserengens, Kyburgs, Habsburgs thiab lwm tus uas siv cov neeg hauv zos. Lub Habsburgs tau muaj zog tshwj xeeb tom qab muaj lub npe ntawm Emperor ntawm Holy Roman faj tim teb chaws tau dhau mus rau hauv lawv txhais tes thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th.

Struggle for Independence

Nws yog kev tawm tsam tawm tsam cov neeg laus no, feem ntau yog Habsburgs, uas yog qhov pib ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov cheeb tsam Swiss tawg mus rau hauv ib lub xeev ywj pheej. Xyoo 1291, kev sib koom ua tub rog "txhua lub sijhawm" tau xaus ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm peb lub cantons (cov cheeb tsam) ntawm Switzerland - Schwyz, Uri thiab Unterwalden. Txij hnub no nws yog ib txwm ua kom khaws cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Swiss lub xeev. Txij thaum ntawd los, muaj kev tawm tsam ntawm cov neeg tawm tsam Habsburgs, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm imperial thiab feudal lords pib. Cov lus dab neeg nto moo ntawm William Qhia yog nyob rau theem pib ntawm qhov kev tawm tsam no.

thaj tsam ntawm Switzerland hauv sq km
thaj tsam ntawm Switzerland hauv sq km

Xyoo 1315 muaj thawj qhov kev sib cav loj ntawm Swiss thiab Habsburg pab tub rog. Nws tau hu ua Tsov Rog ntawm Morgarten. Tom qab ntawd cov Swiss tswj kom yeej, ntau tshaj lawv los ntawm ob peb lub sij hawm cov yeeb ncuab pab tub rog, ntxiv mus, muaj knights. Nws yog nrog rau qhov kev tshwm sim uas thawj zaug hais txog lub npe "Switzerland" txuas nrog. Qhov no yog vim qhov yuam kev txuas ntxiv ntawm lub npe canton ntawm Schwyz mus rau thaj chaw ntawm tag nrho lub koomhaum. Tam sim ntawd tom qab yeej, txoj kev sib koom ua ke tau rov ua dua tshiab.

Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, lub Union txuas ntxiv ua tiav tawm tsam Habsburgs. Qhov no tau nyiam qhov kev ntshaw ntawm lwm thaj chaw los koom nrog nws. Los ntawm 1353, lub Union twb muaj lawmyim cantons, xws li Zurich, Bern, Zug, Lucerne thiab Glarus tau ntxiv rau peb qhov qub.

Nyob rau xyoo 1386 thiab 1388, Swiss ua rau ob qhov kev swb tseem ceeb ntawm Habsburgs ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Sempach thiab Nefels. Qhov no ua rau lub fact tias nyob rau hauv 1389 kev thaj yeeb tau xaus rau 5 xyoo. Tom qab ntawd nws tau txuas ntxiv rau 20 thiab 50 xyoo. Lub Habsburgs tau tso tseg txoj cai ntawm cov tswv hais txog yim lub koom haum cantons, txawm hais tias lawv txuas ntxiv mus ua ib feem ntawm Vaj Ntsuj Plig Dawb Huv. Lub xeev no txuas ntxiv mus txog 1481, uas yog, yuav luag 100 xyoo.

Hauv 1474-1477, Switzerland tau kos rau hauv Burgundian Tsov Rog hauv kev koom tes nrog Fabkis thiab Austria. Nyob rau hauv 1477, nyob rau hauv lub txiav txim sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Nancy, lub Swiss yeej cov tub rog ntawm lub Duke ntawm Burgundy, Charles lub Bold, thiab nws tus kheej tuag nyob rau hauv no sib ntaus sib tua. Qhov kev yeej no tau nce lub koob meej thoob ntiaj teb ntawm Switzerland. Nws cov tub rog tau pib ua kom muaj nuj nqis raws li cov neeg ua haujlwm zoo heev, uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau lub tebchaws kev lag luam. Nyob rau hauv lub peev xwm no, lawv ua hauj lwm rau Fabkis huab tais, Duke ntawm Milan, Pope thiab lwm yam sovereigns. Nyob rau hauv lub Vatican, cov neeg saib xyuas ntawm tus Vaj Ntsuj Pom yog tseem ua los ntawm Swiss. Ntau thiab ntau lub xeev txaus siab koom nrog Union, tab sis cov qub cantons tsis txaus siab los nthuav lawv cov ciam teb.

Tom qab tag nrho, xyoo 1481, kev cog lus txuas ntxiv tau xaus. Ob lub cantons ntxiv, Solothurn thiab Fribourg, tau txais los ua tswv cuab ntawm Union. Lub cheeb tsam ntawm Switzerland tau nthuav dav, thiab tus naj npawb ntawm cantons tau nce mus rau kaum. Nyob rau hauv 1499, yeej muaj yeej nyob rau hauv tsov rog nrog lub Swabian League, txhawb los ntawm huab tais. Tom qab ntawd, ib daim ntawv cog lus tau kos npe, uasua tau cim qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm Switzerland los ntawm lub Vaj Kaj Siab Roman. Tab sis raws li txoj cai tus huab tais tseem tsis tau tso tseg nws cov lus thov. Nyob rau hauv 1501, Basel thiab Schaffhausen tau txais los ua cantons rau lub Union, thiab nyob rau hauv 1513, Appennzell. Tus naj npawb ntawm thaj av tau mus txog kaum peb.

Meanwhile, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 15th, lub Reformation, ib pab pawg neeg ntawm cov ntseeg kev cai dab qhuas kev qhia uas tsis lees paub lub primacy ntawm Pope nyob rau hauv lub sab ntsuj plig ntiaj teb no, tau cheb thoob plaws teb chaws Europe. Nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Geneva, tus tsim ntawm ib tug ntawm cov thawj kwj dej ntawm lub Reformation, John Calvin, nyob thiab tuag rau lub sij hawm ntev. Lwm tus neeg hloov kho tseem ceeb, Ulrich Zwingli, yog ib haiv neeg ntawm St. Gallen. Qhov kev hloov kho tau txais los ntawm ntau European sovereigns thiab princes. Tab sis tus huab tais ntawm Dawb Huv Roman faj tim teb chaws tawm tsam nws. Vim li no, tag nrho-European Peb caug Xyoo Tsov Rog tau tshwm sim xyoo 1618. Xyoo 1648, Kev Thaj Yeeb ntawm Westphalia tau kos npe, uas tus huab tais lees paub nws txoj kev swb thiab txoj cai ntawm cov thawj coj xaiv lawv tus kheej kev ntseeg rau lawv thaj av, thiab kev tshem tawm ntawm Switzerland los ntawm Vaj Ntxwv Roman Empire kuj raug cai. Tam sim no nws tau dhau los ua ib lub xeev ywj pheej.

Independent Switzerland

Txawm li cas los xij, Switzerland ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd tsuas yog suav tias yog ib lub xeev xwb. Txhua lub canton muaj nws txoj cai lij choj, kev faib thaj chaw, txoj cai los xaus kev pom zoo thoob ntiaj teb. Nws zoo li lub koomhaum tub rog-kev nom kev tswv ntau dua li lub xeev uas muaj kev vam meej.

Switzerland lub teb chaws cheeb tsam
Switzerland lub teb chaws cheeb tsam

Xyoo 1795, kev hloov pauv tau pib hauv Switzerland, txhawb nqa los ntawm sab nraud los ntawm Napoleonic Fabkis. Fabkis nyoblub teb chaws, thiab nyob rau hauv 1798 ib lub xeev unitary tau tsim nyob rau ntawm no - lub Helvetic koom pheej. Tom qab yeej ntawm cov phooj ywg tshaj Napoleon nyob rau hauv 1815, lub qub qauv rov qab mus rau Switzerland nrog me me kev hloov, txawm li cas los xij, tus naj npawb ntawm cantons tau nce mus rau 22, thiab tom qab ntawd mus rau 26. Tab sis ib qho kev txav mus rau lub hauv paus ntawm lub hwj chim tau pib nce hauv lub tebchaws. Xyoo 1848 tau txais tsab cai lij choj tshiab. Raws li nws, Switzerland, txawm hais tias nws txuas ntxiv hu ua Confederation, tiag tiag hloov mus rau hauv tsoomfwv lub xeev nrog tsoomfwv tag nrho. Qhov nruab nrab ntawm qhov chaw pw hav zoov tau kho tam sim ntawd. Qhov no yog tus yuam sij rau qhov tseeb tias txij li ntawd los Switzerland tau dhau los ua ib qho ntawm cov chaw muaj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Nyob rau hauv plawv ntawm Tebchaws Europe, raug rhuav tshem los ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib Ib thiab Thib Ob, lub xeev no yuav luag tib yam uas tsis raug kev txom nyem thaum muaj xwm txheej ntxhov siab. Tseeb tiag, tsuas yog Sweden thiab thaj chaw ntawm Switzerland tau ua kom muaj kev ywj pheej ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog hauv Tebchaws Europe. Thaj chaw ntawm lub tebchaws tsis raug puas tsuaj los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab foob pob lossis kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov tub rog txawv tebchaws.

Kev lag luam thiab kev lag luam nyiaj txiag tau tsim kho hauv lub tebchaws. Qhov no tau tso cai rau Switzerland los ua tus thawj coj hauv ntiaj teb hauv kev muab kev pabcuam nyiaj txiag, thiab kev ua neej nyob ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm lub xeev Alpine tau dhau los ua ib lub siab tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb.

Switzerland Square

Tam sim no cia saib seb thaj tsam ntawm Switzerland yog dab tsi. Qhov taw qhia no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev txheeb xyuas ntxiv. Tam sim no, thaj tsam ntawm Switzerland yog 41.3 txhiab square meters. km. Qhov no yog qhov ntsuas 133rd ntawm txhua lub tebchaws hauv ntiaj teb.

Kev sib piv, thaj tsam ntawm ib qhoTsuas yog thaj tsam Volgograd yog 112.9 txhiab square meters. km.

Administration division of Switzerland

Hauv kev tswj hwm-ib thaj chaw, Switzerland muab faib ua 20 cantons thiab 6 ib nrab-cantons, uas, feem ntau, yog sib npaug rau 26 yam ntawm lub koom haum.

tag nrho cheeb tsam ntawm Switzerland
tag nrho cheeb tsam ntawm Switzerland

Lub cantons ntawm Graubünden (7.1 txhiab sq. km), Bern (6.0 txhiab sq. km.) thiab Valais (5.2 txhiab sq. km.) yog qhov loj tshaj plaws hauv cheeb tsam.

Pabneeg

Tag nrho cov pej xeem hauv lub tebchaws muaj txog 8 lab tus tib neeg. Qhov no yog qhov ntsuas 95th hauv ntiaj teb.

Tab sis dab tsi cov pej xeem ceev Switzerland muaj? Cov cheeb tsam ntawm lub teb chaws thiab cov pej xeem uas peb tau tsim los saum toj no ua rau nws yooj yim los xam qhov ntsuas no. Nws yog sib npaug rau 188 tus neeg / sq. km.

Ethnic composition

Ntawm thaj chaw ntawm lub tebchaws, 94% ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv suav hais tias lawv yog haiv neeg Swiss. Qhov no tsis tiv thaiv lawv los ntawm kev hais lus sib txawv. Yog li, 65% ntawm cov pejxeem yog cov neeg hais lus German, 18% Fabkis hais lus thiab 10% Italian hais.

thaj chaw thiab cov pej xeem ntawm Switzerland
thaj chaw thiab cov pej xeem ntawm Switzerland

Tsis tas li ntawd, kwv yees li 1% ntawm cov pejxeem yog Romansh.

Kev ntseeg

Lub sijhawm Nrab Hnub Nyoog thiab Hnub Nyoog Tshiab, Switzerland tau dhau los ua qhov kev sib tw tiag tiag ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm Protestants thiab Catholics. Tam sim no cov kev mob siab rau tau ploj mus thiab tsis muaj kev sib cav txog kev ntseeg hauv lub tebchaws. Kwv yees li 50% ntawm cov pejxeem yog Protestant thiab 44% Catholic.

Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj cov neeg Yudais thiab Muslim me me hauv Switzerland.

yam ntxwv dav dav

Peb kawm thaj tsam ntawm Switzerland hauv sq. km,cov pejxeem thiab keeb kwm ntawm lub tebchaws no. Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, nws muaj txoj hauv kev ntev los ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm cantons mus rau ib lub xeev. Keeb kwm ntawm Switzerland tuaj yeem ua piv txwv ntawm kev coj noj coj ua, kev ntseeg, haiv neeg thiab kev sib cais ntawm cov zej zog tuaj yeem koom ua ke hauv ib lub tebchaws.

Kev ua tiav ntawm Swiss tus qauv kev txhim kho tau lees paub los ntawm nws txoj kev lag luam thiab ntau dua 150 xyoo kev thaj yeeb hauv lub tebchaws.

Pom zoo: